20世纪50年代末的“杰克逊小组委员会”与美国国安会机制改革

“Jackson Subcommittee”in The end of the 1959s and the Mechanism Reform of the US National Security Council

20世纪50年代末,美国国会成立了"杰克逊小组委员会"。在该委员会主任——参议员杰克逊的领导下,小组委员会对美国国家安全系统,尤其是国家安全委员会的机制进行了一次系统且全面的研究。杰克逊小组委员会对艾森豪威尔政府时期的国安会系统进行了批判,提倡对其进行一次"去机制化"与"人性化"的改革,同时反对建立处于美国总统之下、白宫和内阁班子之上的"超级内阁"。小组委员会的研究成果对肯尼迪政府产生了重要影响,成为1960年国安会机制改革中的重要理论依据。一方面,经历了变革的国安会摆脱了复杂机制的桎梏,在运作上更加灵活,"现代国安会"时代由此开启;另一方面,委员会结论中蕴含的矛盾也被一同根植进美国国安会的体系中,成为日后该机构发展中的制约因素。

＂Jackson Subcommittee＂was set up by the US Congress in 1959. Under the leadership of its chairman Henry M. Jackson, the subcommittee conducted a systematic and comprehensive study on the US national security system, especially on the mechanism of National Security Council（NSC）. It criticized the NSC system in Eisenhower years, advocating that it needed a ＂de-institutionalization＂and＂humanization＂reform. Meanwhile, the subcommittee also opposed the creation of a＂Super-Cabinet＂which would be situated between President and White House-Cabinet team. The study of the subcommittee had a significant influence on Kennedy administration, providing a theoretical basis for the 1960 NSC reform. On the one hand, the new NSC got rid of the complex mechanism and finally became flexible in its operation, which ushered in the era of ＂modern NSC＂. On the other hand, the paradox in the subcommittee＇s conclusion was also rooted in U.S.national security system and became the constraints of NSC＇s future development.