中国乡村教育的意义嬗变与实践逻辑:基于“制度与生活”互动的视角

The Evolution and Experimental Logic of China's Rural Education: Based on the View of the Interaction between Social Systems and Ways of Living

"文字"作为以学校为载体的一种社会建制,自古以来似乎具有着神奇的魔力。国家、地方社会乃至村落空间竞相争夺乡村教育这一重要场域,其意义也伴随着乡土中国秩序维系、国家政权建设、县域经济发展以及乡土社区重建等议题的提出而不断嬗变。基于"制度与生活"互动的分析框架,考察我国乡村教育的百年变迁历程,发现"文字"的意义嬗变往往饱含了丰富的叙事,对其实践策略的深度解读本身有着重要的社会学意涵。国家主义宰制下被征用的文字被赋予"治理术"的意义,开启了历时百年的"文字下乡"运动。20世纪90年代以来,发展主义主导下"遭遇发展"的文字,又在短暂的十年间造就了"文字上移"的大潮。国家视角下"意义负载"的"文字"作为一项大型社会工程,与乡土社会之间一直处于相对隔离的状态。制度与生活之间良性互动的缺乏,使乡村教育丧失了主体性,这不可避免地衍生出一系列意外后果。通过重建社会与倾听底层,充分吸纳乡土社会中内嵌的习惯法、民情以及非正式制度等要素,促使制度与生活的关系从"割裂"走向"融合",这是新型城镇化战略导向下中国乡村教育走出终结困局的必由之路。

As a carrier of organizational system in schools, ＂texts＂ have been empowered since the ancient time. Country, local society or even villages compete for the important field of rural education and its significance is accompanied by by maintaining social order of rural China, modern state regime construction, and developing county economy, and the reconstruction of rural community. The current research aims to examine the evolving process of the rural education changes in a century by employing a analytical framework of interaction between social systems and ways of living. It finds that the mean- ing evolution of texts creates a rich of narratives, and has important sociology sense. The texts ruled by nationalism were called governmentality, which leads to ＂Text to the Countryside＂ movement. In 1990s, the movement changed to ＂Text away from Countryside＂ in about 10 years. From the national perspective, texts built a social engineering, which was isolated by rural society. The lack of benign interaction between social systems and ways of living leads to subjectivity loss, which may cause a series of consequences. The interaction between social systems and ways of living from ＂separation＂ to ＂integration＂ could be enhanced through social reestablishment and listening to ordinary people, and caring about the function of culture, conditions and common law. This will be the only way to end up the rural education predicament under new urbanization strategy orientation.