德国应用型高等教育的特色与发展前景

Profile and Perspectives of German Universities of Applied Sciences

20世纪70年代初建立起的高等专科学校(Fachhochschule)意在填补以传授理论知识为导向的大学教育和双元制职业培训体系之间在结构上的空隙。在之后的几十年里,这类高校已经从单纯的教学机构发展成为应用科学大学(Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften),即把教学和应用研究理所当然地统一起来,并赋予其生命。推动这一发展的重要因素除了博洛尼亚改革之外,还有年轻的、重视科研的学者的加入,即教授队伍的更新换代。应用科学大学的核心特征是在人才培养中重视实践性和从事应用研究,包括把科研成果转移到中小企业。然而,针对应用科学大学的资金预算和相关体制上的框架条件急需跟进。在此应当提高对科研人员和科研基础设施的预算,另外,研究型教授的教学负担也应降低。

With the foundation of German Universities of Applied Sciences （＂ Fachhochschulen＂） in the early 1970s, the structural gap between the theoretically oriented university education and the system of vocational training was to be closed. In the decades since its foundation, these institutions have developed from mere teaching institutions to real universities of applied sciences, where application- orientation in teaching and research is practiced. In addition to the Bologna reform, a major impetus for this development process was certainly a generational change in the professorship, in the course of which more and more young research-oriented scientists came to the universities of applied sciences. The central element of universities of applied sciences is the practice orientation in the education of the students and the application-oriented research including technology transfer into the sphere of small and medium-sized companies. Better financial resources for research staff and research infra- structure as well as a lower teaching load are key instruments to improve the structural conditions for universities of applied sciences