我国玉米生产效率时空特征分析

Spatio-temporal Feature of Maize Production Efficiency in Main Producing Provinces of China

为指导我国玉米生产效率提升,基于DEA模型、Malmquist指数法以及ESDA分析法,分析了2005—2015年我国20个玉米主产省(区)玉米生产综合技术效率与全要素生产率变化的时空特征。结果表明:(1)2005—2015年,研究区域玉米生产综合技术效率平均值、纯技术效率和规模效率的均值都未达到DEA有效水平,综合技术效率提高主要依赖生产方式改进,玉米全要素生产率平均下降6.7%,其增长显著依赖于技术进步。(2)各省(区)综合技术效率的差异主要受农业生产方式(技术运用等)、经营规模及农业生产占比等的影响。综合生产技术效率较高的省(区),纯技术效率与规模效率均较高;而综合效率较低的省(区),纯技术效率与规模效率的差异较大。缺乏区域适用的先进生产技术或技术未得到有效投入,推广运用会导致玉米全要素生产率降低。(3)玉米生产各个投入要素均存在不同程度的松弛,配置不合理,均有可节约的空间。(4)研究区域玉米生产综合技术效率呈现集聚性,11年间空间差异扩大。少部分区域存在显著的正相关关系,主要集中在北方地区与黄淮海地区,呈现明显的空间集聚特征。因此,针对性提高区域适用技术的有效投入、改善经营规模,是提高各省(区)玉米生产效率的关键,同时,加强空间布局优化,使玉米生产达到"H-H"集聚是整体提升我国玉米生产效率、提高竞争力的关键。

The aims were to determine the efficiency and its temporal-spatial evolvement characteristics by using data envelopment analysis（DEA）,Malmquist index and exploratory spatial data analysis（ESDA） in 20 main producing provinces of maize in China during an 11 years period（2005—2015）.The results showed that the average value of scale efficiency,comprehensive and pure technical efficiency of maize production in the study areas were unproductive. The high comprehensive technical efficiency was positively correlated with production methods. With an annual decrement of 6. 7% in total factor productivity,mainly due to the lack of effective application of the production technology. The difference of the comprehensive technical efficiency between the provinces was mainly affected by the mode of agricultural production（especially technology,etc.）,the scale of operation and the proportion of agricultural production. The provinces with high efficiency had both higher technical efficiency and scale efficiency,while the difference between the technical efficiency and the scale efficiency was relatively large for the provinces with lower efficiency. Lack of regional application of advanced productiontechnology led to the reduction of total factor productivity. Various input elements of maize production were unreasonable,which can all be saved by using advanced and applicable production mode. The comprehensive technical efficiency in study areas showed obvious spatial clustering,while the spatial clustering of similar efficiency was not strengthened during the past 11 years,which was weakened in some years,the spatial differences were also expanded in each area. There were significant positive correlations in the northern area and Huang-Huai-Hai area of China. Improving the effective use of regional applicable technology and scale of operation were keys to improve the production efficiency of maize. Simultaneously,optimizing the spatial layout in main producing provinces of maize to achieve the＂H-H＂types was essential to improve the efficiency and competitiveness of maize production in China.