作格性和汉语的相关现象

Ergativity and Related Phenomena in Chinese

作格性的核心特点是S与O体现一致性。汉语中显性呈现作格性／非宾格性特征的现象只有两类，一类是有O等同S的及物、不及物变换的经典词汇型使动句。一类是由不及物动词的S居O位置构成的表层非宾格句。汉语中难以界定非宾格动词，作格性体现小句句法组织上。这两类句子作为基本小句构成小句句法组织的作格范式。以动作动词句为典型的一般及物句和不及物句作为基本小句构成小句句法组织的及物范式。两种范式呈现严格的对立。从范式对立的角度，可进一步厘清，哪些现象与作格性相关，或与作格性现象呈现相似性。

Surface ergative/unaccusative phenomena in Chinese are associated with only two kinds： one is lexical causatives that are with the alternation between the causative sentences formed by indirect external causers and the intransitive sentences; the other is surface unaccusative constructions that are with the S of the intransitives in the position of O. In the two kinds of phenomena, S is equivalent to O or classified as the same category; which conforms to the core features of ergativity. However, it is hard to define the ergative verbs in Chinese. Ergativity is reflected on the syntax organization of clauses. The two kinds of sentences as the basic clauses constitute the ergative paradigm of clause syntax organization. Transitive sentences which is typical for action verb sentences and intransitive sentences, as the basic clauses, constitute the transitive paradigm of clause syntax organization. The two kinds of paradigms present strict opposition. From the perspective of paradigm opposition, we can further clarify, which phenomenon is associated with ergativity or presents similarities with ergativity phenomenon.