王阳明的生命关怀与生态智慧

WANG Yang-ming's Life Concern and Ecological Wisdom

孔子、孟子至张载、程颢的儒家思想,是王阳明强烈的生命关怀与高超的生态智慧的源头活水。阳明肯定人"以天地万物为一体",强调天地万物都在良知、灵明等精神性的一体之中,都具有良知、灵明。山川鸟兽草木瓦石等类也自有其精神、价值。为什么人类可以取用万物?阳明回答是"良知上的自然的条理"。这就是儒家的"差等之爱",亲亲、仁民、爱物,是有差别的。"天地万物一体之仁"是"理一","差等之爱"是分殊。阳明思想渗透着对生命的浓厚关怀。天地万物都有生命,是一个生命整体,人们都要顾惜。知行之所以能够合一,在于人自身就有"知行本体"。这个"知行本体",既是"心即理"之心,也是"良知良能"。"心即理"表明此"知行本体"自身即为立法原则,"良知良能"表明此"知行本体"本身还是道德认知原则与践履原则。只有"复那本体",不可使此本体"被私欲割断",才能真正做到知行合一。做不到是因为还没能理会得透,理会透了自然做得到。

The Confucian thoughts of Confucius, Mencius and Cheng Hao are the source of WANG Yang-ming＇s deep life concern and superb ecological wisdom. WANG Yang-ming claims that the human mind is identical with the pattern of the universe, and as such it forms ＂one body＂（yiti, one substance） with ＂Heaven, Earth, and the myriad creatures＂ of the world, emphasizing all creatures spiritually form one body as they all possess Liangzhi（innate knowing）and Lingming（innate wisdom）. Such natural objects as mountains and rivers, birds and animals, grass and trees, and tiles and stones also possess their own spirit and value. Why can humans take advantage of everything in the world？ ＂It can be attributed to the natural order of human liangzhi＂, said WANG Yang-ming. This is Confucian ＂love of differentiation＂—that is, love for intimates, love for people, and love for all things in this world are different. ＂The benevolence that forms one body with Heaven, Earth, and the myriad creature＂ is ＂universality＂, while ＂love of differentiation＂ is particularity.Yangming＇s thought is permeated with deep concern for life. Everything in the universe has life, and forms an integrated life body. Therefore, we should care for them all. Knowledge and action can be united as everybody without exception has the innate knowledge of good and evil and one can activate it anytime to properly respond to any situation. It is xin（mind）and also ＂intuitive knowledge and ability＂ as ＂xin（the mind） is li（principle）. ＂The mind is principle＂ indicates this innate knowledge of good and evil is the principle of legislation, and ＂intuitive knowledge and ability（liangzhi liangneng） ＂indicates human＇s innate knowledge of good and evil is also principle of morality and practice. Only by returning to the original state of the mind and distinguishing the goodness that reflects the original state of the mind from the badness that stems from selfish desires can we achieve the unity of knowledge and action. If we fail to do so, we do not understand it thoroughly. With thorough understanding we are sure to make it.