强奸罪入罪模式的比较研究——以德国《刑法典》第177条最新修正为视角

A Comparative Study on the Criminal Constitutive Mode of Rape:From the Perspective of the Latest Amendment of Article 177 of the German Criminal Code

关于强奸罪,中国与德国分别采取了"违背意志"与"强制手段"的入罪模式。在批评者看来,前者过于依赖主观心态而难以界定处罚范围,后者过于依赖客观行为而存在法律漏洞。英美法系的肯定模式与否定模式因而分别受到了中德两国学界的关注与引入。然而,由于犯罪主观要件理论在两个法系之间存在重大差异,移植英美模式将与中德两国的现行刑法理论体系产生冲突,无法发挥预期的效果。德国在2016年通过修正《刑法典》第177条,确立了否定模式为主导、"心理恐惧"模式为补充的混合模式。但是可以想见,未来司法实践中的主导与补充关系将颠倒过来;在中国,"违背意志"模式实际上由"违背意志+心理强制"这一新的理论解释模式所取代。可以说,中德两国的入罪模式日趋靠近。

Concerning the crime of rape,China has an ＂against the will＂mode,and Germany has a ＂coercive means＂mode,but both modes are criticized in their own lands. As a result,＂Yes means Yes＂mode and ＂No means No＂mode,which come from the common law system,are paid attention by Chinese and German scholars and introduced to China and Germany respectively. However,there is a huge difference of the theory of subjective elements of crime between civil law system and common law system,so a legal transplantation will cause conflicts in the current legal systems of China and Germany and can hardly succeed. In 2016 Germany modified Article 177 of the criminal law and accepted the＂No means No＂as the main mode and meanwhile the＂fear＂as a complementary mode. But it can be expected that the ＂fear＂mode will play the most important role in the future practice,and ＂No means No＂can only play a complementary role. In China the ＂against the will ＂ mode has already been changed into an ＂against the will and psychological coercion＂mode. As it is,The modes of China and Germany are getting closer and closer.