集体化时期农村妇女生育意愿的变化:制度系统性调适视角——基于湖北省多点口述史与鄂北冯村的研究

Transformation of Rural Women's Fertility Desire in the Period of Collectivization:A Perspective Based on Systematic Adjusting System——Analysis Based on the Multi-Point History Study in Hubei Province and the Fieldwork in Feng Village

文章根据湖北省多点口述史访谈与鄂北冯村田野调查获得的一手材料,旨在系统分析集体化时期(1962-1980年)农村妇女的生育意愿及其社会根源。研究揭示:中国人口生育率之所以能在集体化时期迅速下降,是当农村妇女出现明显节育意愿时计划生育政策顺势而为的结果。农村妇女源于个体生活实践对生育进行了归因,发现生育子女数量越多必然会导致生活愈艰辛。而造成生育矛盾的深层次原因是制度变革的非均衡性:集体化时期的生产及分配制度发生了变化,但再生产的制度及性别分工制度变革滞后,妇女在参与社会化劳动的同时还肩负着生育的艰辛。制度系统性调适不足使妇女缺乏缓解生育与生活紧张关系的渠道,最终导致传统生育文化与生存理性达成了妥协,其生育意愿是在满足至少一个男孩与最优家庭供养能力形成的区间。对当前的启示是,实现"二胎"政策目标需要通过配套制度设计来缓解人口再生产的压力,从而提高妇女的生育意愿。

This paper mainly based on the multi-point history study of Hubei province and the fieldwork in Feng village to obtain firsthand materials, in order to systematically analyze Collective period（1962-1980） , the actual circumstances of the rural women＇s fertility intentions and social roots. The study revealed that the rapid decline in fertility in China in 1970s was the result of the trend of Family Planning Policy while there was a strong desire for birth control in rural areas. Rural women had attributed their individual suffering and life practice to their fertility, and they found the more children, the deeper degree of suffering inevitably. Extrusion between Birth and life is a non-equilibrium system change and lack of adjustment of the system. In Collectivization period, changes in the system of production and distribution happened, but reproduction system and the gender division of labor system lagged, which had leaded to socialization of women in labor at the same time having children strenuously. Eventually its fertility intentions were an optimal interval to meet at least one boy and the family supporting ability. The referential significance is that achieving ＂second child＂ policy goals rely on system design to ease the pressure on female reproduction, and increasing their fertility desires.