明代的名士及其风度

Mingshi and Its Demeanor in the Ming Dynasty

名士既属于"士"这一社会阶层,是知识人群体的一部分,又是"士"阶层中一个特殊的分层,是士风、士习演进的必然产物。明代名士源头有二:一是魏晋名士,二是以苏东坡为典型的北宋名士。明代的士风发生了很大的转变,形成了一种好名、重名的风气,进而出现了名士这一颇具时代特色的社会群体。若是简单加以归类,明代的名士可以分为山人名士、文社名士、讲学名士、帖括名士、释中名士、闺中名士六种。明代名士具有求名邀誉与藉名求利两大特点,进而形成独特的名士风度:言谈上,崇尚清谈,喜好雅谑;举止上,狂简、任诞,对晋人风度多加推崇;性格上,多有癖性,如好佛书、红裙,薄宦情;生活上,更是日趋随意化及精致化。

As a special kind of gentry＇ class, the cultural celebrity was part of the company of intellectuals. The evolve- ment of intellectual habitus inevitably resulted in the formation of this class. Two sources of the Ming cultural celebrity were discernible ： the celebrity of the Wei - Jin Dynasties and the celebrity of Northern Song Dynasty represented by Su Dong - po. The transformation of this class, nonetheless, took place in the Ming Dynasty, constituting the self - transformation of this class. This transformation brought in a new cultural milieu that these groups of people were more penchants for the reputation. Based on a preliminary look at the internal diversity of this social group, they could be divided into six sub - groups ： mountainous ce- lebrity, social club celebrity, lecture celebrity, examination celebrity, temple celebrity and home celebrity. Breaking off social and cultural convention, however, was the salient feature all the cultural celebrity shared, which resulted in a new social habitus of this group characteristically in the Ming Dynasty. With regard to their way of communication, philosophical debate was highly regarded and the elegant mocking was favored;in terms of social behavior, being abnormal was their social normal, with the Wei - Jin cultural celebrity elevated to be their model ; as for personality, eccentricity was generally shared while a career in govern- ment was ignored;and last but not the least, a more causal and quality life was pursued for their lifestyle.