国际私营安保治理与中国海外利益保护

International Security Governance and Protection of Chinese Overseas Interests

经过第二次世界大战后的全球化、20世纪80年代后的安全外包和21世纪的阿富汗战争及伊拉克战争,国际社会以国际规约的形式确认了国际私营安保的合法地位。学界的研究重点逐渐转向如何通过政策规制增强其合法性。2004年至2014年,国际社会陆续达成了《蒙特勒文件》和《私营安保服务供应商国际行为守则》等关键规约,建立起多边共治的国际治理体系,调和了发达国家的政策利益需要和国际法与人权原则的道德要求。然而,在这一有利于国际私营安保发展的治理环境下,拥有庞大海外安全需求的中国却并未积极参与这一进程,尚未能推动这一新型安全工具的迅速发展。其中原因在于中国的相关国内治理结构和安全观念并未实质转变,特殊的海外安全需求也难以转化为有效的发展动力。这一需求与发展脱节的局面表明,中国要想利用国际私营安保等新式工具来维护海外利益,必须通盘调整相关的国内治理结构,让中国海外利益的拓展和维护不再受到旧有国内机制的妨碍。

After the post-war years' globalization,the security contracting since 1980 s and Afghanistan and Iraq War in 21 st century,the international society ultimately admits the legitimacy of internationalized private security through treaties and agreements.From 2004 to 2014, such key agreements as Montreux Document and International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers have established a multi-sponsored governance system,which meets the security and moral need of both developed and developing states. Meanwhile,though China has huge security need in overseas interests protection,the development of its internationalized private security sector is obviously under expectation, and its participation in the global private security governance is marginal. The reason of this phenomenon is that China's traditional conception of security and domestic governance structure has not truly changed and its special overseas security needs could not be transformed into market demand easily. This gap between security demand and supply indicates that China should reform its overall structure of overseas security supply and overseas interests development.