编纂民法典时务必注意行政因素

Making Civil Law must take account of Administrative Factors into Consideration

民法依其本质属性明显地区别于行政法,但因市场经济先天地带有弱点,如其自身无法阻止垄断、不正当竞争等,行政法适当介入,与民法衔接和配合势所必然,中国民法尤其如此。国有土地使用权等不动产物权变动与行政主管机关及其行为密切相关,但其中的行政行为不是行政确权,只是不动产物权变动的生效要件;国有土地使用权出让合同也不是行政合同,而是民商合同。建造建筑物需要行政法规制,建设用地规划许可、建设工程规划许可以及建筑工程施工许可十分必要,至于商品房预售许可则取决于政府是否继续允许期房预售。探矿权、采矿权的转让等合同,至少在目前还看不出不需要行政主管机关的批准,某些合同的生效以行政主管机关的批准为法定特别要件,应予坚持。

Civil law is obviously different from administrative law according to its essential attributes.However,because of the weakness of the market economy,such as its inability to prevent monopoly and unfair competition,the administrative law should properly intervene and cooperate with civil law,especially for Chinese civil law.The transfer of the right to use state-owned land and other real estate property is closely related to administrative behaviors.Nonetheless the administrative behavior are only effective requirements of real right transfer.The contract to establish rights to use state-owned land is not administrative contract,but civil and commercial contract.The construction of buildings needs regulation by administrative law.Construction land planning permission,construction project planning permission and the construction permit are all necessary.As for the commercial housing pre-sale license,it depends on whether the government will continue to allow the sale of the house on construction in advance.At present,there is no need for the approval of the administrative authorities,such as the transfer of prospecting rights and mining rights.At the present time,the approval of the administrative authorities is not necessary.The implementation of some contracts are special requirements of the administrative authorities,and should be adhered to.