清末城镇乡地方自治与乡村社会

County,Town and Village Local Autonomy and Rural Society in the Late Qing Dynasty

清末城镇乡地方自治的筹办经历了设立筹办机构,培养自治人才,划分自治区域、调查选民与开展选举等几个环节。虽然由于清政府的灭亡,地方自治没有全部完成,但也在一定程度上改变了基层社会的治理结构,使州县以下出现了城、镇、乡的区域划分,同时,进入城、镇、乡议事会、董事会的议员、董事、乡董以及自治职员共同形成"自治绅董"这一群体,成为基层社会治理中的主体力量。自治绅董的权力来自制度化的体制,权力空间有了很大的扩展。他们所经手的自治经费,具有了普遍性和强制性。由于乡民对自治还不十分了解,也由于他们并没有在缴纳捐税后看到或者得到实实在在的利益,因而很容易误解自治经费被自治绅董私用或瓜分,从而导致绅、民对立。

The preparation of county,town and village local autonomy in the late Qing Dynasty experienced steps such as setting up preparation authorities,fostering autonomous talents,zoning autonomous regions,investigating voters and running elections.Although the local autonomy was not accomplished as a result of the collapse of Qing government,the governance structure of local society was changed to some extent.A regional division of county,town and village under the district was formed.Meanwhile,the senators,directors and township head in the county,town,village parliament and board of directors as well as the autonomous staff members had formed a community of autonomous gentry and directors,and become the dominant force in local society governance.Originated from the system of institutionalization,the rights and powers of autonomous gentry and directors were greatly extended in space.The autonomous expenditure they handled had both universality and enforceability.Because the villagers were not so familiar with autonomy,and because they had not perceived or obtained the benefits after paying the taxes and levies,misunderstandings like that the expenditures were personally used or caved up,had led to the opposition between gentry and villagers.