我国《民法总则》中意思表示解释的规则及意义

Rules and Meanings of the Interpretation of Will Declaration in General Principles of Civil Law in China

我国《民法总则》第142条以意思表示是否有相对人为标准,对意思表示解释的目的和规则作了规定,但没有设定"错误的表示无害"这一例外情形。我国以往司法实践中未能重视意思表示解释的优先地位,没有认识到意思表示解释是判断合同等双方法律行为中当事人之间是否存在合意的必要"前置程序",而判断是否构成意思表示错误应遵循"解释先于撤销"原则,考察表意人主观的表示意义与可归责的表示意义是否一致。我国《合同法》第61条的一部分及第125条应该被《民法总则》第142条替代,但《合同法》第61条中作为漏洞填补的规范仍然有效。

The purpose and rules of interpretation of will declaration is differentiated by whether there is an opposite party in Article 142 of General Principles of Civil Law in China,but there is no exceptional case of ＂ false representation harmless＂. The priority status of will declaration has not been paid much attention to in our previous judicial practice. For example,we did not realize that will declaration is a necessary ＂ pre-procedure＂ for judging whether there is unanimity between parties in contract legal acts while we judge whether it constitutes a mistake which should follow the principle of ＂ explain before cancellation＂ and examine whether the subjective meaning of the declaration is the same as imputable meaning. Part of Article 61 and Article 125 of Contract Law should be replaced by Article 142 of the general principles of civil law. However,some of the provisions of Article 61 is still valid as a criterion for filling the loopholes.