半干旱地区沙地多功能人工混交林营造与可持续经营技术

Sustainable Management Technology and the Construction of Multi-functional Mixed Forest in Sandy Land in the Semi-arid Area

通过调查辽宁章古台20世纪50年代、70年代至21世纪初的不同功能人工混交林,总结出沙地人工混交林的营造技术模式与可持续经营技术,即:1)在半干旱地区沙地营造人工混交林时,要尽可能多地选择优良乡土树种。2)以辽西北沙地针阔叶树及灌木造林为例,介绍了松树造林技术(2a生松裸根苗覆盖栽植技术、SAP松容器苗培育与造林技术、8~12a生沙地樟子松造林技术),杨树秋季截干窄带宽距造林技术,灌木培土、截干保活技术与有关试验示范技术。3)系统推介了3种模式:(1)早期的固沙、生态混交模式(针针混交林、针阔混交林)。(2)现代的固沙、生态经济型混交模式:流动、半流动沙地工程或生物围封+草方格+灌木+自然恢复生草、工程或生物围封+沙障+灌木+自然恢复生草2种生态治理模式与固定沙地绿伞等22种用材经济利用混交模式。(3)以樟子松为主的3种混交林模式:在大一间房实验区,于樟子松衰退病块状间伐林地上,营造以樟子松为主的疏林灌草混交林;在三家子实验区,于生长健康的樟子松人工林内增加阔叶、经济树种,营造以樟子松为主的生态经济型混交林,提高林地的综合生产能力;在万亩林实验区,在樟子松大面积皆伐地上营造沙地第二代樟子松混交林。4)幼林抚育提倡集中在造林后3~5年进行,并采用林农间作等措施与以耕代抚的经营方式达到抚育幼林的目的。5)指出要实现沙地多功能人工林的可持续经营,首先要兼顾到整个沙地生态体系,在宏观上采取统筹的经营措施,使营造的沙地人工混交林在时间空间上有合理的布局。其次,为确保整个人工混交体系持续稳定发挥防护功能,必须使每一片人工林发挥出较佳的效益。6)结合半干旱地区沙地的造林经营现状,分析了沙地人工混交林营造与经营存在的生态建设粗放、经济效益差、科技含量低、现有沙地植被保护不利、生态建设治理效果欠佳、生态建设多次反弹等问题,提出了提升生态建设与管理水平、强化科技示范支撑、实施生态移民等解决措施。

In the 1950 s,1970 s and early 21 st century,different artificial mixed forests were planted,by in-vestigating the forests in the Zhanggutai town of Liaoning Province,The paper summarizes the technical models and sustainable management technology of the artificial mixed forest in the sandy land.That is,when planting the artificial mixed forest on the sandy land in semi-arid areas,it is better to choose fine native tree species.Taking the coniferous and broad-leaved trees and shrub afforestation in the northwest Liaoning as an example,the afforestation techniques of pine trees were introduced,including the 2-year-old pine bare-seedling and mulching cultivation techniques,the cultivation and afforestation techniques of SAP Pines,the transplanting technology of 8 ~ 12 a Pinus sylvestris var.,poplar trees were planted with truncating stem and narrowband distance in autumn,shrub cultivation and preservation technology.Three models were proposed:(1) early sand fixation and ecological mixed mode,including coniferous mixed forest,coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest,(2) modern sand fixation and eco-economic mixed mode: mobile and semi-mobile sand enclosed project + grass grid + shrub + natural restoration of grass,enclosed project + sand barrier + Shrub + natural restoration of grass,the two kinds of ecological management model and other 22 kinds of timber economic mixed mode such as fixed-sand green umbrella forest.(3) Three kinds of mixed forest patterns based on Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica were as follows: in the Dayijianfang experimental area,the mixed forest based on Pinus sylvestris var.Mongolica was constructed on the sloping land of Pinus sylvestris var.Mongolica.In the Sanjiazi experimental area,in the healthy forest of Pinus sylvestris var.Mongolica,increased the broad-leaved and economic tree species,built the ecological and economic mixed forest with Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica as the main forest,improved the comprehensive production capacity of the woodland.In the Wanmulin experimental area,in the large area o Pinus sylvestris var.Mongolica clear cut ground,the second generation of sandy pine mixed forest based on Pinus sylvestris var.Mongolica were reconstructed.Young forest tending concentrated in the 3 to 5 years after afforestation,and the using of forest farmers and contacting to the cultivation with the farming approach to achieve the purpose of forest tending.In order to realize the sustainable management of multi-functional plantation in sandy land,the entire sand ecological system should be firstly analyzed,each piece of forest should play a better role,secondly,the entire artificial system continuous stability play a protective function.At the same time,combined with the status of afforestation in sandy land in semi-arid area,the paper analyzes the characteristics of the extensive ecological construction,poor economic benefit,low technological content,unfavorable vegetation protection,poor effect of ecological construction.We put forward management measures to enhance the ecological construction and management.