四川马熊的形态学

The Morphology of Sichuan Brown Bear

本研究填补了国内在熊类形态学研究上的空白,对所获得的四川马熊标本及其他熊类标本进行了初步观察和测量,并将几种熊头骨进行对照研究。描述出四川马熊大体形态学特征是:体粗壮强健,头大躯短,四肢稍长。体重雄性140~160 kg,雌性125~140 kg;尾短,隐于毛下。雄性乳头2对,雌性乳头3对。前后足均有宽大的脚掌,都具五趾。爪大而弯曲,不能伸缩。毛被长而厚实,有针毛、绒毛之分。毛色分布有棕褐色、黑褐色、棕黄色、白色或黄白色。因这几种色反差明显,俗名"花熊"。头骨大而厚实,骨板粗厚沉重,骨质细密,外观显得狭长形状接近棕熊而与黑熊区别较明显。鼻吻部延长,两性鼻骨长均大于第一上臼齿前头骨宽。头骨上的脊、突起均发达。齿式为3.1.3.2∕3.1.2.3或3.1.4.2∕3.1.2.3。经研究,我们认为四川马熊在分类上应属于棕熊青藏亚种(Ursus arctos pruinosus)的四川分布。

We observed and measured specimens of Sichuan brown bear and other bears, and compared their skulls to fill gaps on bear morphology research in China. The rough morphological features of Sichuan brown bear are a stout and strong body, big head, short stature, and long limbs. Males weigh 140 to 160 kg, and females are 125 to 140 kg; the tails are short and were hidden beneath the hair. Males have 2 pairs of nipples, and females 3 pairs. Front and rear feet have large paws, all have five toes, The claws are large and curved, but cannot be retracted. The hair is long and thick, and divided into guard hair and down hair. The hair color was brown, dark brown, tan, white or yellowish-white. Because of this several colors contrast significantly, hence the local name of this bear is ＂ flower bear＂. The skull is large and thick, bone lamella is thick and heavy, the bone is dense, the appearance is long and narrow, the shape is close to the brown bear and obvious different from the skull of black bear. The snout is extended with ampho- teric nasal bone length greater than skull width before the upper molars. The ridge, protrusions on the skull are developed. Dental formula is 3. 1.3. 2 / 3. 1.2. 3 or 3, 1.4, 2 / 3. 1.2.3. We con- clude that Sichuan brown Bear is the Tibetan subspecies of brown bear（ Ursus arctos pruinosus） that occurs in Sichuan.