从“国家主义”到“职业主义”:以色列高层次人才吸引的国家战略及其变革

From Nationalism to Professionalism: National Strategy on Highly Skilled Talent and Its Changing Politics in Israel

促进高层次人才回流是以色列重要的国家战略和政策目标。自20世纪70年代以来,以色列实施了一系列政府主导的高技能人才回流计划,利用公共资源为高端人才回归提供帮助和经济激励。伴随着以色列社会经济以及意识形态领域的变革,高技能人才政策体系也经历了广泛的政策变迁和话语结构转向。从政策话语来看,从早期强调种族认同和国家利益这一"国家主义"的政治性描述,逐渐向强调个体职业发展机会这一"职业主义"的经济性描述转变;在组织模式上,从"政府主导"日益向公私合作模式转变,强调政策过程的多元利益主体参与;在战略转型方面,通过强调人才吸引政策的准公共物品属性、高度选择性和差异化补偿机制,强调高端人才与优势产业的精准匹配。

Maintaining and attracting Highly skilled returnees, termed ＂Diaspora Strategy＂, as national strategy and policy objective, attributes to Israeli economic and S＆T development and innovation. Government of Israel passed a series of State-assisted return programs to incentivize and aim the return of nationals residing abroad by using public resources since 1970s. Along with the changes in the so- cial, political and economic fields, such policy and its discourse has also undergone extensive and deep transformation over time. Firstly, early efforts were rationalized in the name of strengthening the nation and ethno-national identity, gradually to emphasize the professional satisfaction of individual/family ; Secondly, non-governmental organizations take increasingly meaningful parts in highly skilled talent strategy-formation processes and create a new model of public-private partnership （ PPP ） ; Thirdly, recent programs characterize privatization, selectivity and differential compensation increasingly to improve the precise match between talent and profession.