专属经济区安全与航行自由的衡平——以美国“航行自由行动”为例

Equilibrium between EEZ Security and Freedom of Navigation:A Case Study of the US FON Program

根据《联合国海洋法公约》,沿海国在其专属经济区享有特定的主权权利和管辖权,而非沿海国享有航行自由等权利。理论上,沿海国的安全管辖权与非沿海国的航行自由不存在实质冲突,但实践中,美国为了维持其海洋霸权,在中国专属经济区积极实践其"航行自由行动",对相关海域的安全与航行自由造成了威胁。海洋安全与航行自由的法理辨析说明,国家管辖范围内海域的航行自由并不是绝对的,其相对性根源于顾及沿海国安全的国际义务。不同海域以及不同船舶航行自由的比较分析,揭示了专属经济区的军舰自由航行不应危及沿海国的安全特别是非传统安全。在南海发生的"无暇"号事件和无人潜航器事件是美国针对中国实施成本强加战略的外交实践,其实证分析也从法律上论证了美国军舰在中国专属经济区的航行自由及其特定活动应遵守沿海国的安全管辖。

Coastal states are entitled to certain sovereign rights and jurisdictions in the EEZ according to the UNCLOS,which also prescribes the freedom of navigation for non-coastal states. Theoretically,there is no substantial conflict between the jurisdiction of coastal states to ensure maritime security and the freedom of navigation of non-coastal states. Nevertheless,for the maintenances of its maritime hegemony,the US implements the Freedom of Navigation( FON) program in China's EEZ actively and arbitrarily,which threats the maritime security and freedom of navigation in the EEZ concerned. Jurisprudential study of the relationship between maritime security and freedom of navigation indicates the freedom of navigation in the waters beyond the high sea is not absolute and its relativity or restrictions emanate from the international obligations to take into account the security of coastal states. The comparative study of the freedom of navigation of different categories of ships as well as the freedom in different marine zones demonstrates that the freedom of warship in the EEZ should not prejudice the security of coastal states,especially the non-traditional security of the sea. The Sino-US conflicts in the USNS Impeccable and American Unmanned Underwater Vehicle( UUV) incidents in the SCS are the expressions of the US cost imposition strategy against China. The empirical analysis of such conflicts suggests that the freedom of US warships in China's EEZ and their related activities therein should be subject to the jurisdiction of the coastal state for the purpose of maritime security.