元明清土司时期武陵地区民族关系发展进程简论

A Brief Discussion on Progression of Ethnic Relations in Wuling Area in Dynasties of Yuan,Ming and Qing

自元迄明至于清初,随着土司制度在武陵地区的建立,武陵地区的民族关系进一步发展,民族格局发生了结构性转型。一方面,武陵地区与内地的联系进一步密切,族际人口交流达到了新的规模。同时,中央王朝为强化国家统治的文化基础,以制度化的方式大规模的推行儒学教育,促进了汉文化在武陵地区的深度传播,这些极大地促进了民族交融的深化,推动了民族关系的和谐发展。另一方面,在封建专制的民族压迫体制之下,武陵地区各民族反抗暴政的斗争此起彼伏,区域内的3大主体民族——土家族、苗族、汉族之间也形成了某种不平等的民族关系,使武陵地区的民族关系格局出现结构性的分化,对于民族关系产生了消极影响。

From Yuan to Ming and early Qing Dynasty,with the establishment of chieftain system in Wuling area,the relations among different ethnic groups were further developed and the ethnic pattern was structurally transformed.On the one hand,the ties between Wuling area and other parts of the inland area became closer,and the scale of the exchange among ethnic groups was unprecedented.Meanwhile,to strengthen the cultural foundation for its ruling,the central government implemented large-scale institutionalized Confucian education which helped promote the wide spread of Han culture in Wuling area.All these moves promoted the ethnic integration and enabled nationalities to develop in a harmonious way.On the other hand,under the oppression of feudal autocracy,ethnic groups in this area successively rose up to fight against the central tyranny of the government,and at the same time,an unfair status formed among the three major nationalities--Tujia,Miao and Han,bringing about the structural changes of ethnic pattern and exerting negative influences on their relations.