机场鸟击特点及防范体系构建

Characteristics of Bird Strike and Prevention System Building in Airport

鸟击是威胁机场飞行安全的主要因素之一,根据机场鸟击特点有针对性地制定鸟击防范体系对提升飞行安全、减少经济损失具有重要意义。本文收集了重庆市江北机场2009—2016年的鸟击事件信息并送检鸟击残留物,在2010年3月—2011年2月调查了江北机场及周边区域的鸟类群落,将江北机场鸟击物种信息与鸟类群落的物种信息进行相似性分析,同时将江北机场的鸟击信息数据与中国民航2007—2015年的鸟击信息数据进行对比研究。结果显示:(1)江北机场鸟击物种与飞行区鸟类群落的相似性显著高于农耕区(t=2.507,P=0.041)和城镇园林(t=2.562,P=0.037),其中,夏季白天的鸟击物种与飞行区鸟类群落相似性最高(S=0.413 8),表明飞行区鸟类鸟击率更高,是鸟击防范工作的重点区域,夏季更应关注飞行区的鸟类控制;(2)江北机场与中国民航鸟击在季节、时间等方面基本一致,均呈现秋、夏、春季以及夜间鸟击高发的特点;(3)迁徙鸟和家鸽Columba livia domestica、燕子、树麻雀Passer montanus、小云雀Alauda gulgula等部分机场当地常见鸟是鸟击高发的物种。根据分析结果,结合江北机场及各机场鸟击防范工作经验,本文建议从组织机构、制度管理、监控、信息分析、设备防范、环境管理、航班动态调整、应急处置等方面构建鸟击防范体系,以期为江北机场及其他机场提供参考。

Bird strike is one of the major factors which severely threaten flight security. Making a bird strike prevention system based on bird strike events is crucial for improving flight security and reducing economic losses. In the present study,bird strike data were collected from Jiangbei Airport in 2009 to 2016 and the bird species were further identified. A survey on avian community in Jiangbei Airport and nearby areas was conducted from March,2010 to February,2011. Additionally,the similarity analysis between bird strike species and avian community species was conducted,and the data of bird strike from Jiangbei Airport and Civil Aviation Administration of China in 2007 to 2015 were contrastively studied. The results showed that：（ 1） the similarity index between bird strike species and avian community species in airfield grass was significantly higher than farming land（ t = 2. 507,P = 0. 041） and city garden（ t = 2. 562,P = 0. 037）,the similarity index（ S = 0. 413 8） between the daytime＇s bird strike species and airfield grass avian community species in summer was the highest. These suggested that the bird species in the airfield have the highest bird strike frequency,and the airfield grass is an important area for bird strike avoidance. Therefore,more attention of bird control in airfield should be paid in summer.（ 2） The seasonal variation and time rhythm of bird strike were basically consistent between the Jiangbei Airport and Civil Aviation Administration of China,which showed high occurrence of bird strike in spring,summer,autumn,as well as nighttime.（ 3） Migratory birds and some local common birds（ eg. Columba livia domestica,swallows,Passer montanus,Alauda gulgula） were the species with high frequency of bird strike. Based on these results and combining with the experience of bird strike prevention at Jiangbei Airport and other airports,the bird strike prevention system were recommended as following： organizational structure,management system,monitor,information analysis,equipment control,environment management,emergency disposal,and flight dynamic adjustment.