俄新编中学历史教材对苏联体制和苏共领导人的看法

The Soviet System and the Communist Leaders in New History Textbook of Russian Middle Schools

俄新编中学历史教材把二月革命和十月革命统称为"1917年俄国大革命",称这一革命改变了俄国和世界的历史,但布尔什维克的政策导致了国内战争,是俄国历史的悲剧。教材承认20世纪20—30年代苏联的新经济政策、工业化等取得了很大成就,但对集体农庄制度和大镇压进行了谴责;强调卫国战争的胜利是苏联人民英雄主义和爱国主义的胜利,强调卫国战争对世界的贡献,淡化斯大林的作用,并指出了斯大林的一些失误;肯定了赫鲁晓夫时期所取得的进步和成就,但对他搞个人集权、没有触动斯大林体制持批判态度;对勃列日涅夫时期基本持否定态度,认为苏共追求稳定导致了体制的严重危机,戈尔巴乔夫的改革是苏联体制危机发展的结果。改革失误和"8·19"事件加速了苏联解体。

Russia＇s new history textbook of middle school referred the February and October revolutions in 1917 to as ＂the Russian revolution in 1917＂. New textbook said that the revolutions changed the history of Russia and the world, but the Bolshevik policy led to the civil war, that was the tragedy of Russian history. The textbook acknowledges that the Soviet Union＇s new economic policy and industrialization in the 1920s and 1930s achieved great achievements, but the collective farm system and the great repression were accused. New textbook emphasizes that victory of the great patriotic war 1941-1945 is the victory of the Soviet people＇s heroism and patriotism, that was contribution to the world. The textbook plays down the role of Stalin and points out his mistakes. It afrms the progress and achievements that were made in Khrushchev’s era while criticizes his centralization and lack of the correction of Stalinist system. New textbook holds a basic negative attitude to Brezhnev era and deems that his efforts for pursuing stability led to the serious crisis of the system. Gorbachev＇s reform was the consequence of the Soviet system crisis. The failure of reform and the August Coup accelerated the collapse of the Soviet Union.