曹端的《辨戾》及其内蕴理学问题之探究

Study on Cao Duan's Essay “Discriminating Perversity” and the Problems of Neo-Confucianism in It

经周敦颐《太极图说》的阐发,"太极"成为宋明理学的最高范畴,然而"无极而太极,太极动而生阳"仅这二句就衍生出了无数派系论争。其中明初理学家曹端著《辨戾》一文,针对"太极自会动静"与否的阐发,提出了"死理活理"、"理气关系"等问题,不仅影响了明代理气关系问题的走向,还波及韩国李退溪的理学思想,展开了韩国性理学三百年的"理气四端七情之辨"。本文通过明晰《辨戾》内蕴的朱熹的《太极图说解》注解与其《语录》是否真的"自相龃龉";朱熹的注解是否符合周敦颐《太极图说》本旨;曹端是否如实地解读了朱熹对于《太极图说》的注解,如果存在偏差,造成这些误读背后的缘由何在等理学问题,厘清曹端《辨戾》一文的得失,进而探究曹端思想对明代理学及退溪理学的影响,以贞定《辨戾》在明初理学的合理位置。

Through Zhou Dunyi＇s interpretation proposed in his Discussion of the Diagram of the Supreme Polarity,the Supreme Polarity（Taiji）came to be viewed as the highest category of Neo-Confucianism.However,the idea that＂Without polarity and yet the Supreme Polarity,the Supreme Polarity in activity generates Yang＂provoked extensive debates.In his essay ＂Discriminating Perversity＂,in Ming Dynasty Neo-Confucian Cao Duan focused on the statement that＂The Supreme Polarity is spontaneously able to be active and still＂and raised questions concerning whether principle is ＂living＂or＂dead＂,the relationship between principle and Qi,etc.,which influenced not only the development of the relationship between principle and Qi in the Ming Dynasty,but also the thought of Korean philosopher Yi Toegye,giving rise to debates in Korea concerning principle,Qi,the four inklings and the seven emotions over a period of three hundred years.This paper evaluates the validity of the content of＂Discriminating Perversity＂by assessing：1）Whether or not there is any contradiction between the interpretation in Zhu Xi＇s Explanation of the Meaning of the Supreme Polarity referred to in ＂Discriminating Perversity＂and that in his Recorded Sayings;2）Whether or not Zhu Xi＇s explanation was in accordance with Zhou Dunyi＇s original meaning in his Discussion of the Diagram of the Supreme Polarity;3）Whether or not Cao Duan fully understood Zhu Xi＇s ideas,and if not,what causes lay behind his misunderstanding.In addition,the paper further assesses the influence of Cao Duan＇s philosophy on Yi Toegye and Neo-Confucianism in the Ming Dynasty,so as to provided a reasone assessment of the historical significance of＂Discriminating Perversity.＂