来自上层建筑的批判——试析阿尔都塞的意识形态国家机器理论

A Critique of Superstructure——A Tentative Analysis of Althusser's Theory of Ideological State Apparatus

1968年"五月风暴"后,阿尔都塞从上层建筑的角度对资本主义社会展开批判。他深入考察资本主义国家生产关系的再生产过程,首次提出"意识形态国家机器"概念。意识形态国家机器包括宗教的、家庭的、法律的、政治的、工会的、传播的、文化的等多种类型。在资本主义社会,教育的意识形态国家机器在意识形态传播中发挥决定性的作用。阿尔都塞的意识形态国家机器理论在西方马克思主义思想史中具有承上启下的重要地位,不仅丰富和发展了马克思主义国家理论,还开创了西方马克思主义研究意识形态问题的全新视角。

After the MMay Storm＂ in 1968, Althusser launched a critique of capitalism from the perspective of superstruc-ture. He inspected the reproduction process of capitalist production relationships and put forward the concept of ＂ideologi-cal state apparatus＂ for the first time along the path of Gramsci. There are different types of ideological state apparatuses, including religion, family, labor union and media etc. In capitalist society, the school played a decisive role in the spread of ideology. Althusser＇s theory of ideological state apparatus has an important status in the history of Western Marxism. It not only enriched and developed Marxist state theory, but also started a fresh perspective of research of ideological problems for Western Marxists.