耕作方式和有机肥对风沙土区玉米产量的影响

Effect of Tillage Method and Organic Fertilizer on Maize Yield in Aeolian Sandy Soil

[目的]研究耕作方式、施用有机肥对玉米产量的影响。[方法]以黑龙江省大庆市杜尔伯特蒙古族自治县农业科技园区为平台,设置5种耕作方式(免耕、常规翻耕、深翻打破犁底层、深翻和超深翻)和3种施肥方式(化肥、化肥配施秸秆还田和化肥配施有机肥),测定玉米产量、土壤贯穿阻力、土壤容重、土壤三相结构距离R值和渗透速率。[结果]仅依靠改变耕作方式来调整土壤的物理性状,对提高玉米产量的贡献不大。在相同耕作方式下,与化肥处理相比,化肥配施有机肥可使玉米增产19.2%~32.9%;且比秸秆还田处理增加7.4%~189.0%。总之,在东北风沙土区,施用有机肥是提高玉米产量最有效的方法之一,而秸秆直接还田效果不理想;从耕作方式来看,常规翻耕20 cm是最优耕作方式。[结论]东北风沙土玉米产区最适合在施用有机肥条件下,进行20 cm翻耕作业。

[Objective] Effect of tillage method and organic fertilizer on maize yield was studied. [Method]The present study was carried out at the agricultural science and technology park of Durbat Mongolian Autonomous County in Daqing,Heilongjiang Province. Three types of fertilization,including chemical fertilizer,chemical fertilizer plus straw returning,and chemical fertilizer plus organic manure,associated with five tillage managements,which were no-tillage,conventional tillage,breaking plow bottom,subsoiling and deep subsoiling,were designed randomly. Yield of maize,soil infiltration capacity,bulk density,three-phase ratio and penetration rate were determined. [Result] Adjusting soil physical characters through tillage management had less effect on maize yield. Under same tillage management condition,chemical fertilizer plus organic manure increased maize yield by 19. 2%-32. 9% than chemical fertilizer alone,and by 7. 4%-189. 0% than chemical fertilizer plus straw return. In conclusion,in aeolian sandy soil of northeast China,applying organic manure was the most effective method for increasing maize yield,but the effect of straw returning was not obvious; conventional tillage 20 cm was the optimal method. [Conclusion]The best strategy was chemical fertilizer plus organic manure associated with 20 cm plowing in aeolian sandy soil of northeast China.