早期中国的纪时法与时间大一统

A Study of the Timekeeping Systems and Their Unification in Early China

从殷周至东汉,纪时要素渐繁。殷商以纪日为主,周代普遍仅纪月日,西周中期确立王年、月、日连书置于篇首的格式,东周纪时法加入"四时",秦汉官文书标明月朔,武帝时启用年号纪年,数序纪日开始流行,至东汉形成"年号纪年+月+月朔+日数序+日干支"要素完备的纪时法。线性发展的同时,纪时法也存在共时性差异。差异的产生既由先秦诸侯各自为政的局势造就,又由书写载体的不同性质导致。纪时法不仅展现时间的工具性,而且也是"政治时间"的表达。秦朝建立后,"战国时间"逐渐归并于统一的"帝国时间"。西汉初期以来,面对王国自行纪年、不奉汉法的局面,自文帝始,即有意识地将时间制度的更新作为统摄诸侯王的手段,以致"正朔"观念日益明晰。武帝太初"改正朔",迈出了实现"大一统"的重要一步。西汉中期以后的纪时法显示,万里一朔的帝国时间秩序最终形成。

Elements of timekeeping were increasing from Yin&Zhou to the Eastern Han Dynasty.Record of day was represented by the heavenly stems and earthly branches in documents of Shang.Day and month were given priority in the inscriptions on Bronze Wares in Zhou.The four seasons were added in by Eastern Zhou.The first day of the lunar month was embodied in administrative documents in Qin&Han,later the Reign titles during the period of the Emperor Wudi.The complete form of"/year/month/the first day of month/day/the heavenly stems and earthly branches/"was established in the Eastern Han.However,synchronic discrepancies also existed due to the respective time systems of each state and the different writing materials in the Warring States Period,indicating that timekeeping not only embodied as an instrument,but also the meanings of being"political".The respective system of each state was terminated by the First Emperor of Qin.Han Wendi initiated the concept of"Zhengshuo"(the first day of lunar year).The new calendar"Taichuli"promulgated in the first year of reign title"taichu",as the finial establishment of the unified time order,revealed that the imperial court took a great step in carrying out the unification of timekeeping system.