疾病、政治与医疗——疾病视野下的孙中山临终研究

Disease,Politics and Medicine:A Study on the Last Days of Dr.Sun Yat-sen in the Perspective of Disease

患病是1924年孙中山北上过程中的意外。特殊的政治局势给孙中山的疾病染上了强烈的政治色彩。以孙中山为代表的国民党借口疾病完成了几次政治决策;但疾病带给国民党更多的是危机,及考验其应对危机的能力。由于政治身份,孙中山获得了普通人鲜有的优良的医疗资源,但其癌症的确诊、公开和诊疗方式也因此受到医疗之外的多方因素干扰。癌症在20世纪20年代的诊疗手段落后,是孙中山癌症诊疗困难的根本原因。在这一过程中,选择西医为主的治疗方式,既是孙中山的主观选择,也是国民党为打造崇尚科学的孙中山形象所做的努力。而中医的逐渐式微,也通过孙中山患病后各方对待中医的态度展现无遗。一次医疗事件,折射出20世纪20年代复杂的政治和文化生态。

The disease was an accident when Dr.Sun Yat-sen was invited to go to Peking in 1924.The special situation made his disease an impression of political excuse.Actually,The Kuomintang represented by Dr.Sun Yat-sen excused the disease to make several political decisions.But the disease was more than a crisis for the Kuomintang to deal with.On the other hand,due to his political identity,Dr.Sun Yat-sen gained good medical resources which ordinary people rarely get.But the diagnosis,public and medical treatment of his cancer were interfered by multiple factors as well.In the 1920s,it was the backward treatment technology of cancer that made it difficult to diagnose and treat Dr.Sun Yatsen's illness.Meanwhile,choosing western treatment was not only by Dr.Sun Yat-sen's subjective will but also the efforts of Kuomintang to create a science-advocating image of Dr.Sun Yat-sen.The gradual decline in status of Chinese medicine was shown by people's attitude to Chinese medicine after Dr.Sun Yat-sen's cancer diagnosis.All in all,a medical event reflected a complex political and cultural ecology in 1920's China.