为何要与国有企业合作创新?——基于民营中小企业资源匮乏视角

Why Cooperative Innovate with State-owned Enterprises? From the Perspective of Private-owned SMEs' Resource Shortage

民营中小企业可以基于与国有企业的合作解决创新过程中的资源匮乏等问题,但是,在所有制、规模等方面的不同又会造成这两类企业之间的关系复杂而敏感。本文从资源角度探索民营中小企业跨所有制合作创新意愿的影响因素,同时重点考察控制能力这类关键情境变量所起的调节作用,并选择科技型民营中小企业为调研对象,研究证实:国有企业非沉淀冗余资源可以增强民营中小企业的合作创新意愿,而潜在冗余资源则会减少这一意愿,对合作机会或威胁的认知结果在它们之间发挥中介作用;强制性控制能力减弱合作威胁认知对民营企业合作创新意愿的负面作用,而非强制性控制能力增强机会认知对合作创新意愿的正面作用。研究结果有助于解释这种跨所有制合作意愿的差异化现象,并证实民营中小企业所青睐的只是非沉淀冗余,它们的控制能力对这类意愿的形成同样至关重要。我国独特的转型经济背景为本文提供了良好的研究情境,同时也让所得结论更具现实意义。

Shortage in resource has been a long-term and widely influent problem for private-owned small and medium enterprises （SMEs） , especially for innovation activities what have been regarded as the most important source of enterprise＇s key competitiveness nowadays. Large numbers of research focus on how directly fund them or provided other critical resource for them, but seldom notice and study the win-win cooperation with state-owned enterprises what may also contribute for alleviating problems of private-owned SMEs. Actually,lots of private-owned SMEs have tried this kind of cross-ownership cooperation, and many of them have succeeded in cooperative innovation with their state-owned partners. State-owned enterprises accumulate large amounts of resource what seems attractive for private-owned SMEs,but differences in ownership and size bring complication and sensitivity into the relationships between these two kinds of enterprises. More importantly, affluent resource means advantages for state-owned enterprises, but it is a double-edged sword for their partners. These resources help to alleviate their partners＇ shortage and bring opportunity afterward, but meanwhile, they also breed threat to them because their partners voice may be weakened by great difference in resource status. Therefore, private-owned SMEs may pay more attention to what their state-owned partners can bring forward, namely opportunity or threat. Forming cooperation innovation intent is the first step to conduct cross-ownership cooperation, and this paper studies on the factors what affect private-owned SMEs＇ this kind of intent from perspective of resource. Some available resources are needed by enterprises themselves, because owners＇ daily operation and management consumes necessary resources, and what they tend to afford may be the slack resource. Slack resource can be divided into several different sorts, namely unabsorbed slack,absorbed slack and potential slack. Each one has its own characters in mobility, convertibility, etc. , what will in further affluence the effects of slack resource from the standpoints of enterprises＇ partners outside. For example, some of stated-owner enterprises＇ resource is not available for private-owned SMEs because for their low levels of mobility and convertibility. According to this logic and taking technology-based private-owned SMEs as the sample, this paper testifies that： state-owned enterprises＇ unabsorbed slack resource increase private-owned SMEs＇ cross-ownership cooperation innovation intent while their potential slack resource decrease this intent, and opportunity or threat perceptions of cooperation play mediating effect in these process. The effect of absorbed slack on cross-ownership cooperation innovation intent isn＇t supported in our study. Opportunistic behaviors frequently happen in cooperation process, and harm the interests of two sides in the cooperation from the long-term standpoint. Obviously, can avoid these behaviors or not play an important role in the cooperation decision- making. Therefore, this paper also analyzes and testifies different kinds of control capacities＇ moderating effect on the processes therein, and then finds that, coercive control capacity weakens negative effect of threat perception on the cooperation innovation intent while non-coercive one strengthens the positive effect of opportunity perception. It demonstrates that coercive control capacity seems suitable for threat context and non-coercive for the opportunity one, and enterprises should acquire corresponding capacity or take corresponding control measures according to the cooperation contexts. These results help to explain diversity of the cross-ownership cooperation innovation intent, and point out the special importance of unabsorbed slack resource and control capacity from the perspective of private-owned SMEs. Its theoretical values are threefold：first,not all of the resources are desired by private-owned SMEs,even if they are dropping in resource shortage status;second, enterprise may not care about their partners＇ advantage or disadvantage, but opportunity and threat what the cooperation brings forward;third, control capacity can be divided into different sorts, and each on has its suitable applying context. Transition economy provides suitable condition for this study and also increases the practical contributions of the research achievements in China.