北京市水果消费的生态足迹距离研究

Study on ecological footprint distance of fruit consumption in Beijing

采用生态足迹距离指标方法体系,对2009年至2012年间北京市水果消费的生态足迹距离进行研究。结果表明4年间:跨区转移的生态承载力质量距离,由2009年的11.5×10~8t km逐年增加到了2012年的17.01×10~8t km,共增加了47.91%;生态足迹距离则相对稳定在886.66 km至1073.55 km之间;人均生态足迹距离,总体上由2009年的4.39×10~4km增加到2012年的5.55×104km,共增加了26.42%。从类别的视角,年均生态足迹距离最大的是香蕉(2072 km),最小的是苹果(476 km);年均跨区转移的生物承载力质量距离,最大的是西瓜(4978×10~8kg km),最小的是香蕉(518×10~8kg km);而4年平均人均生态足迹距离,最大的是西瓜(17.7×10~4km),最小的是香蕉(1.92×10~4km)。快速城市化阶段的北京,对外生态依赖范围也迅速扩大,并高于人口增加的速率。

The ecological footprint method was proposed in 1992 and improved later, and is widely applied in the assessment of sustainable development by its balance comparison to the bio-capacity. The ecological footprint is an area indicator demonstrating the human impact on natural capitals. Although the indicator of ecological footprint distance is established on the basis of ecological footprint, it describes the ecologically dependent distance of a city, which might be a valuable supplement and improvement to the ecological footprint and bio-capacity theory system. This study analyzed the ecological footprint distance of Beijing＇s fruit consumption. Population data and resident fruit consumptions were collected from the ＂Beijing Statistical Yearbook＂ and ＂Chinese Migrants Development Report＂ from 2008 to 2012. Additionally, a market investigation was carried out. There was an overall increasing trend of Beijing＇s fruit ecological footprint distance, imported fruit mass, and fruit ecological footprint distance per capita. From 2009 to 2012, the distance of imported fruit mass increased by 47.91% （to 17.01 billion t km）; the fruit ecological footprint distance fluctuated smoothly between 8.87 hundred km and 1.07 thousand km; and the average fruit ecological footprint distance （per capita） increased by 26.42% （to 55.5 thousand km）. From the aspect of category, the maximum annual average fruit ecological footprint distance was recorded for banana （2.07 thousand km）, and the minimum for apple （4.76 hundred km）; the maximum average annual imported mass of bio-capacity was observed for water melon （497.8 billion kg km）, and the minimum for banana （51.8 billion kg km）; and the maximum average annual ecological footprint distance of the four years was observed for water melon （177 thousand km）, and the minimum for banana （192 thousand km）. The result showed that the rapid urbanization of Beijing metropolis area had led to an enlarged ecological cost in fruit consumption, and led to a more wide-scope bio-capacity suppliers as well. Even more, this enlargement has exceeded the speed of population growth. The following limitations existed in this study：first, due to the limitation of data, fruit product was chosen as the representative of all kinds of ecological resources; second, an appropriate weight should be given to each type of fruit while calculating the indicator of fruit ecological footprint distance. It is recommended that the follow-up studies on the ecological footprint distance should improve in several ways：By collecting different types of industrial, agricultural, and service industrial products data as much as possible; by creating a model that could determine the distance weight set of all products and could provide an appropriate weight to each type of product; by choosing more cities of different population or economic scale as research targets. These improvements might be helpful in obtaining a more comprehensive and convinced indicator of a city＇s ecological footprint distance.