“怀疑”的词汇歧义和意义识解策略

On the lexical ambiguity of the Chinese verb huáiyí and its meaning construal strategy

"怀疑"有两种几乎相反的意义:"不相信"(记作:怀疑(1));"猜测"或"有点儿相信"(记作:怀疑(2))。这两个义项在句法分布上并不完全互补,因此有时无法凭借形式线索来消解这种词汇歧义。本文首先总结相关的研究成果,并指出目前尚未解决的问题(比如,如何解释"怀疑(2)"的宾语在某些情况下可以是正面、积极的事情;为什么"超预期"与"不很相信"是无标记组配,而"可能"与"猜测"是无标记组配等)。接着,文章通过考察真实文本语料,归纳出了"怀疑"两个义项的分布特征。最后,本文在袁毓林(2014)的基础上指出"怀疑"反映的是一种基于预期、概率和可能性的心理博弈,并进一步提出更为普遍和抽象的"疑实信虚"的语义识解原则。这一原则可以帮助我们更准确地识解"怀疑"的两种不同意义,同时也解决了以往研究中所遗留的问题。

The Chinese verb huáiyí has two opposite senses: "not believe"(huáiyí(1)) and "believe a little" or "guess"(huáiyí(2)). Since these two senses are not fully in complementary distributions, formal clues may be inadequate to disambiguate the lexical meaning. This paper firstly reviews previous studies of huáiyí and points out a number of unresolved issues. For example, why may the objects of huáiyí(2) be either positive or active? Why are "over expected" and "not believe" unmarked pairing while "probable" and "guess" unmarked pairing? Secondly, it generalizes the distributions of the two senses of huáiyí on the basis of extensive corpus. Finally, based on Yuan(2014), it points out that huáiyí is the conceptualization for a kind of psychological games based on expectation, probability and possibility. It further proposes a more general principle of semantic construal, i.e., "to disbelieve the real and to believe the unreal", which can well explain the unresolved issues.