明中后期淮安海商的逆境寻机

A Study of Huai'an Sea Merchants' Struggle from the Predicament of Governmental Tribute Grain Maritime Prohibition in the Middle and Late Ming Dynasty

明代中期以来,漕运河道多遇不畅。漕粮缘河道北运遇阻,南来的漕粮汇聚到淮安后,不得不以山东登莱二州为中转,通过海路向京畿运送漕粮。隆庆以降,由淮安经登莱海运漕粮已具规模,但官方对海运漕粮总是多有顾忌,因而即使是紧急时期,最多只是默许而已。隆万之交旋开旋罢的官方海漕为万历辽东战争期间民间海上力量涉足海运从事粮食贸易奠定了基础,也使得崇祯末期海漕北运再次实现。这条长期以来形成的海运线路曾为镇守东江的毛文龙集团提供了若干便利,淮安民间私人海上团体则成为毛文龙遭钳制后为其输送粮饷的重要依恃力量。淮安海商在逆境中不断寻觅着海运的商机,断续推进着自淮安到辽东的海上商业活动,彰显了海上力量的不竭活力。

In the middle Ming Dynasty,many problems occurred in the tribute grain canal,with northward transport along the river often interrupted. To ensure the grain supply of capital,imperial officials suggested transferring tribute grains by sea from Dengzhou and Laizhou in Shandong province after they arrived in Huai＇an Prefecture. In the Longqing reign,sizable transshipment was underway; however,the authorities had too many misgivings and merely acquiesced in these activities. The short-term authoritative sea transport of tribute grain at the turn of the reigns of Emperors Longqing and Wanli laid a solid foundation for the development of civil shipping during the War of Liaodong and restarted northward transport in the late period of Emperor Chongzhen. The long-established sea route brought great benefits to Mao Wenlong,the military leader of the Dongjiang group in the early period of the war between the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Mao＇s grain supply depended largely on this Huai＇an＇s non-governmental maritime group,especially when he was restrained during the war.Huai＇an sea merchants kept seeking commercial opportunities from the predicament of governmental tribute grain maritime prohibition and continuously promoted the commercial development between Huai＇an and Liaodong. Huai＇an merchant activities demonstrated the inexhaustible vitality of the maritime group.