新自由主义的十大考辨(中):自由主义的演化及现状

A Textual Research on Neo-Liberalism from Ten Dimensions(Ⅱ) : Exploring the Connotation of Freedom and Its Evolution

基于起源学和思想史的梳理同样可以发现,号称普世价值的新自由主义实际上是对自由主义的简单化返祖。文章继上篇从本体论角度阐述自由的本质内涵后,中篇进一步从发展史角度梳理自由主义的演化特性和趋势,通过对思想史上各种自由主义的比较,在新（古典）自由主义的兴起中来挖掘新（古典）自由主义所嵌入的意识形态。

By a systematical study of the origin and the history of thought, it is also not difficult to find that neo - liberalism known as universal values actually is a simplified atavistic of liberalism. In fact, there are three main characteristics during the course of the evolution of freedom. Firstly, it has social and non -biological characteristics. The evolution of freedom takes on a negation of negation process; accordingly, it cannot be regarded as a spontaneous process with continuous progress. Secondly, it presents the trend complexity rather than simplicity. The connotation of freedom becomes more and more rich and multiple during the con- stant evolution; accordingly, it cannot be simplified into a universal and single standard. Thirdly, it bred the new liberalism and neo -liberalism during the development in the negation of negation. The new liberalism born in 1870s has much rich connota- tions, while neo -liberalism born in the 1970s actually returns to classical liberalism. Correspondingly, the main reason why neo -liberalism is so popular in the market economy is it is supported by the industrial and commercial strata with huge financial power as well as their government. Therefore, neo - liberalism is essentially a kind of ideology rather than well - conceived doc- trine, which embodies a single - dimensional cognizance of freedom, so as to degenerate to become fundamentalist liberalism.