古希腊哲学中的良心与真理

The Concept of Conscience and Truth in Greek Thought

通过追踪古希腊哲学对"自我意识"一词的使用,从词源学和思想史发展的角度对它进行深入分析,我们发现,良心是从自我意识中发展出来的。当一个人的自我意识开始感受到"不义"时,人就开始对追问"正义",并寻求终极判断权。换句话说,良心问题首先是判断权问题。其次,当自我意识在善恶问题上拥有了绝对判断权之后,人才能拥有不被剥夺的良心。然而,绝对判断权和真理是联系在一起的。缺乏真理,人的判断权就是可剥夺的。我们追踪柏拉图关于真理问题的探索,以及保罗的《罗马书》对终极判断权的讨论后发现,保罗是从信心的角度谈论真理的,他认为真理是在人的理解结构不断解构的过程进入人的思想的,因而良心所要求的绝对判断权在信心中可以得以落实。

This is an investigation of the conceptual development of conscience in Greek thought with focuses on its etymology and ontology.Etymologically,conscience involves fromσι＇νεσιY（self-awareness）.Ontologically,when one becomes aware of unfair treatment or injustice,one begins to inquire about justice,and is destined to question about the authority of judgment,which will point towards the ultimate authority.Meanwhile,in pursuing the ultimate authority,conscience is nurtured,as one＇s judgment will not be nullified only when one holds on the ultimate authority.Conceptually,we call this self-awareness with the ultimate authority of judgment as conscience（συνει＇δησι）.Furthermore,this essay claims that the ultimate authority of judgment must be based on truth,as one＇s judgment lacking of truth can be nullified.The analyses of this conceptual development are based on Plato＇s literature on truth and Paul＇s feeling of the ultimate authority in his Christian faith,and has demonstrated that,historically,the complete concept of conscience is first present in Paul＇s works.In a word,Paul declares truth in his Christian faith,and considers that truth enters one＇s thought by a constant deconstruction of one＇s understanding structures,and the ultimate authority is solidified in one＇s conscience in faith.