大学毕业生就业偏好实证分析

Empirical Analysis of College Graduates' Employment Preference

本研究的实证分析基于32所教育部直属"985工程"高校2014年就业质量年度报告的数据。高校毕业生存在明显的就业方式偏好、就业地域偏好、就业单位性质偏好和就业单位行业偏好。从就业方式来看,高校本科毕业生明显偏好于"国内升学"和"国(境)外留学";从就业地域来看,高校毕业生明显偏好北京、上海、广东、江苏和浙江等经济发达地区;从就业单位性质来看,高校毕业生主要偏好国有企业、"三资"企业、事业单位和党政机关等机构和单位;从就业单位所属行业来看,高校毕业生主要偏好信息传输、软件和信息技术服务业、制造业、金融业等行业。导致教育部直属"985工程"高校2014届本科毕业生在就业方式、就业地域、就业单位性质和就业单位行业等方面存在就业偏好的成因:一是"985工程"高校毕业生具有相对优越的人力和社会资本,二是"985工程"高校良好的社会和学术声誉,三是由于中国劳动力市场典型的二元分割。为缓解高校毕业生就业偏好,毕业生应不断增强自身的就业风险防范意识,高校要积极开展就业心理辅导工作,政府要努力发挥其宏观调控的职能。

Firstly,by reviewing the relative research literature on "employment preference",it is easy to find out that the existing literature mainly concentrates on the following four aspects:study of the current situation of university students' employment preference,research on the influence factors of university students' employment preference,problems and countermeasures of college students' employment preference,and research on employment preference according to different students groups as well.Secondly,there are mainly four types of employment preferences:the first one is preference of employment ways,and the graduates prefer to further their study home or abroad;the second one is preference of geography preference,and the graduates prefer to choose developed areas such as Beijing,Shanghai,Guangdong,Zhejiang or Jiangsu;the third one is preference of employment units,and the graduates prefer to some state-owned enterprises,foreign invested enterprises or government institutions;the fourth one is preference of employment industries,and the graduates prefer to the industries related to information transmission services,software and information technology,manufacturing and financial industries.Thirdly,based on the research conclusion,this paper analyzes the causes of the problems concerning the above employment preferences:the first cause is that the "985" university graduates have relatively superior human and social capital;the second cause is that the "985" universities themselves have good social and academic reputation;the third cause is due to the typical dual labor market segmentation in China.Finally,in light of the causes,some concrete countermeasures are put forward from graduates themselves,colleges and universities as well as the government and the society.In terms of graduates,they should continuously enhance their risk prevention awareness of employment.In terms of colleges and universities,the psychological counseling work of employment should be actively carried out.In terms of government,its function of macroeconomic control should be exerted.