陶渊明“神辨自然”生命哲学再探讨

Re-Exploration into Life Philosophy of “Spirit-Oriented Nature” of TAO Yuan-ming

陶渊明的《形影神》组诗是其生命哲学的表述,包含着丰富的思辨性。陈寅恪、逯钦立两家分别从名教与自然及形神观这两种思想背景中寻求解释,标志现代学者对此问题的研究高度。唯以往研究,注重形影神三范畴内涵的分析,对组诗小序所示的"神辨自然"四字之真义,未有透彻的分析。其中包含多重思辨层次:首先,陶渊明将传统的形神相对的生命学说结构改造为"形""影""神"三个范畴,在此将魏晋流行的形神说与名教自然说两个思想脉络结合起来,并且将"神"从传统的生理、生命元素的概念,提升到一个包含着主体精神、最高理性内涵的哲学范畴;其次,陶渊明通过对形所代表的旧自然观的辨析,提出《神释》的新自然观,这一新自然观同时是针对东晋门阀名教与自然合一的主流的思想,显示出陶渊明对玄学自然观原旨的继承与发展。

＂Form, Shadow and Spirit＂written by TAO Yuan-ming is his expression of life philosophy with rich speculation. CHEN Yin-ke and LU Qin-li try to find explanation from the perspective of Confucian Ethical Code and concept of form and spirit, which reflects the level of study by modern scholars. Past study pays attention to the analysis of the connotation of form, shadow and spirit, but as for the essence of＂Spirit-oriented nature＂reflected in the preface of the series of poems, the analysis is not complete. There are many levels of speculation： first, the structure of life theory with the contradiction of form and spirit is changed into three fields of＂form＂,＂shadow＂and＂spirit＂, which combines the popular theory of form and spirit in Wei and Jin Dynasty with the theory of nature of the Confucian Ethical Code.＂Spirit＂is elevated into a philosophical field with subjective spirit and supreme rational connotation from traditional physiology and life elemental concept;secondly, through the analysis of old concept of nature represented by form, he proposes a new concept of nature with＂Interpretation of Spirit＂, which is aimed at the integration of the Confucian Ethical Code with nature in east Jin Dynasty, and reflects inheritance and development of the essence of the metaphysical concept of nature by TAO Yuan-ming.