王三奶奶与近代华北泰山信仰三题

Three Issues of Wangsannainai and Mount Tai Belief in Modern North China

王三奶奶是近代华北泰山信仰的特殊案例。梳理其信仰的流变历程可知:其一,晚清时期天津、北京的信众将其塑造成泰山女神碧霞元君的下属,协助管理民间信奉的四大门。这一造神现象及其信仰习俗是民众应对生活困境的文化创造。其二,王三奶奶信仰逐渐融入京、津两地民众的日常生活,其地位不断被抬高。在北京妙峰山信仰习俗之社会资本的竞争中,天津信众凭借雄厚财力占据一定优势。其三,王三奶奶信仰确有迷信成分,遭遇近代新知识人的批判。国民政府实施的破除迷信运动虽然一度造成现代生活建设与民众精神需求之关系的紧张,但并未真正改变民众的王三奶奶信仰。日军占领平津后,这一信仰习俗逐步沉沦。

Wangsannainai is a special case of Mount Tai belief in modem north China. There is three is- sues can be found from the evolution of the belief custom during the late Qing dynasty：First, Wangsannainai was portrayed as a subordinate goddess of Taishan goddess Bixiayuanjun by believers in Tianjin and Beijing, Who helps Bixiayuanjun to manage folk Sidamen. It was a subculture that people created for coping with life hardship. Second, the belief in Wangsannainai gradually assimilated into in the daily life of believers in Beijing and Tianjin, and her position was constantly elevated. The wealth of Tianjin believers gives them an advantage in the competition for social capital in Miaofengshan（ in Beijing）~ belief activities. Third, superstitious element in Wangsannainai belief was criticized by the new intellectuals in modem China. The movement to dispel su- perstition implemented by National Government caused a tension between modem life construction and the peo- pleg spiritual needs,but did not really change the people＇s belief in Wangsannainai. After Japan occupied Bei- jing and Tianjin, this belief custom gradually sank.