4种苦参碱制品对非靶标生物的毒性评价

Toxicity evaluation of 4 matrine-based products on non-target organisms

非靶标生物毒性评价是新农药开发应用的重要基础工作。为推进植物源农药苦参碱的科学合理使用,本研究评价并比较了苦参碱、苦参总生物碱、苦参乙醇浸膏和0.3%苦参碱水剂对生态环境中非靶标生物（鹌鹑、家蚕、蜜蜂、蚯蚓、蝌蚪、斑马鱼）的毒性及农作物（豇豆）对其的敏感性。结果表明：苦参碱、苦参总生物碱、苦参乙醇浸膏和0.3%苦参碱水剂对鹌鹑、家蚕、蜜蜂、蚯蚓、蝌蚪和斑马鱼的急性毒性均为低毒,对豇豆属于低风险性,且0.3%苦参碱水剂对家蚕无慢性毒性;但不同苦参碱制品对同种非靶标生物的毒性存在较大差异,苦参碱、苦参总生物碱、苦参乙醇浸膏和0.3%苦参碱水剂对鹌鹑的7 d-LD50值（均为有效成分,下同）分别为512、504、〉1 000和〉3 000 mg/kg_（鹌鹑_;对家蚕的96 h-LC_（50）值分别为〉3 000、1 300、〉5 000和821 mg/L;对蜜蜂的48 h-LC_（50）值分别为1 145、1 361、〉3 000和337 mg/L;对蚯蚓的14 d-LC_（50）值分别为549、428、564和〉1 000 mg/kg_（土壤）;对蝌蚪的48 h-LC_（50）值分别为〉100、〉100、263和15 mg/L;对斑马鱼的96 h-LC_（50）分别为85、65、193和20 mg/L;其中苦参乙醇浸膏的毒性最低。可见,苦参碱制品对环境生物较为安全,具有良好的生态效益。

Environmental safety assessment of non-tartarget organisms is essential for the development and application of new pesticides. In order to guide the rational use of matrine-based botanical pesticide products, the toxicities of 4 matrine-based products（matrine, total alkaloid, mtrine extract and 0.3%matrine AS） on 6 kinds of non-target organism and the effect of succeeding crop（cowpea） were investigated and compared. The results indicated that the acute toxicities of matrine, total alkaloid,mtrine extract and 0.3% matrine AS were low for quail, silkworm, bee, earthworm, tadpole and zebra fish. And these products were also low risk to cowpea. 0.3% Matrine AS has no chronic toxicity to the silkworm. But there were significant differences among toxicities of different products on the same species.The 7 d-LD_（50） value of matrine, total alkaloid, mtrine extract and 0.3% matrine AS were 512,504, 1 000 and 3 000 mg a.i./kg_（quail） on quail, respectively; 3 000, 1 300, 5 000 and 821 mg a.i./L on silkworm（96 h-LC_（50））, respectively; 1 145, 1 361, 3 000 and 337 mg a.i./L on bee（48 h-LC_（50））,respectively; 549, 428, 564 and 1 000 mg a.i./kg_（soil） on earthworm（14 d-LC_（50））, respectively; 100,100, 263 and 15 mg a.i./L on tadpole（48 h-LC_（50））, respectively; and 85, 65, 193 and 20 mg a.i./L on zebra fish（96 h-LC_（50））, respectively. Among 4 products, mtrine extract had the lowest toxicity. Thus,matrine-based products are safe to non-target organisms, and will exhibit good ecological benefits in field application.