敦煌莫高窟皇庆寺碑原址考——兼谈皇庆寺与莫高窟第61窟、94窟之关系

An Exploratory Research on The Original Location of Huangqingsi Stone Tablet at Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang: Also on The Relationship between Huangqing Temple and Caves 61,94 of Mogao Grottoes

1819年徐松游历莫高窟,在所著《西域水道记》卷三中记载"岩之文殊洞外有元皇庆寺碑"。此碑今存敦煌研究院陈列中心,碑名《重修皇庆寺记》,立碑时间为元至正十一年(1351)。莫高窟第61窟所塑主尊为文殊菩萨,后壁通壁绘五台山图,故又名文殊堂。许多学者依此认为"文殊洞"即为第61窟,进而推断甬道壁画为元代重绘。本文考察相关资料,认为徐松所载之"文殊洞"乃今之第94窟,皇庆寺碑至迟到清代还立于该窟内,直到1944年国立敦煌艺术研究所成立时才搬离此窟,因此徐松所记的"岩之文殊洞外有元皇庆寺碑"不能作为探讨第61窟甬道壁画年代和风格的依据。同时,根据此碑所在的位置,本文对皇庆寺寺址的有关问题也进行了探讨。

In his Notes on Waterways in Western Region(Xiyu Shuidao Ji)volume 3 Xu Song describes‘there is a Yuan-dynasty stone tablet with the inscription about Huanqing Temple reconstruction outside the Manjuist Cave of Mogao Grottoes’when he was visiting Mogao Grottoes in 1819.This tablet titled with‘The Reconstruction of Huangqing Temple’was erected in the 11th year of Zhizheng(至正)of the Yuan dynasty(1352).Cave 61 painted with Mount Wutai scenery throughout the back wall is also called Manjuist Hall(WénshūTáng)in which Buddhist Manjushri is enshrined as the leading Buddha,which leads many a scholars to believe that the‘Manjuist Cave’is Cave 61,then infer the frescoes through the corridor were repainted in the Yuan dynasty.However,it is studied in this thesis that the‘Manjuist Cave’referred to in Xu Song’s notes is actually Cave 94 instead of Cave 61,and the Huangqingsi stone tablet remained here till 1944 when The National Art Institute of Dunhuang was set up.So it is not recommended that the study of the age and style of the frescoes of Cave 61should be based on Xu Song’s description.By the present location of the stone tablet,this paper also discusses the problems on the site of Huangqing Temple.