康熙“红票”考——兼谈“传教信票”及康熙对传教士的集体召见

The Textual Research onto Emperor Kangxi's ‘Red Edict' and His Issuing Imperial Missionary Permit and Summoning Western Missionaries

康熙五十五年九月十七日,康熙皇帝颁布了著名的"红票",即写给教皇克莱蒙十一世的红色谕旨。该谕旨以满文、汉文和拉丁文书写并刊刻,是清初"礼仪之争"背景下,康熙皇帝积极与罗马教皇沟通的重要物证。"红票"拉丁文之后,有供职宫中的多位西洋传教士的签名,反映出中西交往中康熙皇帝对传教士的集体召见,这种召见表明康熙皇帝认可传教士在宫中服务,但坚决不允许天主教违背中国礼仪和传统文化。

On Sept. 17 of his 55^(th) regnal year,Emperor Kangxi(康熙)issued his well-known 'Red edict'(called Hong Piao in Chinese pinyin) written and printed in red ink in Manchu, Chinese and Latin languages simultaneously to Pope Clement XI,which witnessed Emperor Kangxi's(康熙)actively communicating with Pope Clement when the debates on Sino-Western etiquettes and rites were under way in the early Qing dynasty. Following the Latin scripts are the signatures of the western missionaries who were employed in the Qing imperial court. That Emperor Kangxi(康熙)summoned them indicates he approved them to serve in the court, but he strongly rejected Catholicism to violate Chinese traditional culture and etiquettes.