苏俄村社与贫农委员会的博弈及其影响

村社具有千年历史,是俄国农民的基层自治组织。十月革命之后,村社不但没有被消灭,反而获得了复兴,牢牢控制了苏联农村的政治、经济和社会文化生活。在夺取政权之初,布尔什维克为控制广大农村地区,曾试图建立并控制基层(村级和乡级)苏维埃,以取代村社,但未获成功。于是在1918年6月转而在农村建立贫农委员会,以期在农村实现社会主义革命的目标。然而,在内战背景下,这场运动激起农民广泛反抗,以失败而告终。1919年初,布尔什维克被迫调整政策,解散贫农委员会,与村社秘密达成了妥协。这是村社在1920年代持续复兴,对基层农村具有强大影响力的重要原因。

As Russian peasants' grassroots self-governing organization, the rural commune has a-thousand-year history. Since the October Revolution, the rural commune has revived instead of being eliminated, firmly controlling the Soviet Union's political, economic, social and cultural life in rural areas. When seizing power, in order to control vast rural areas, the Bolsheviks had attempted to establish and control grassroots Soviet, both at village and country levels, to replace communes, but unfortunately, they ended in failure. As a result, in June 1918, they began to establish poor peasants' committees in the countryside aiming at the goal of socialist revolution in rural areas. Nevertheless, against the civil war, this movement aroused widespread opposition among peasants and failed again. At the beginning of 1919, the Bolsheviks were forced to adjust policies, dissolving poor peasants' committees, and secretly reached compromises with rural communes. This is an important reason why rural communes resurged continuously in the 1920s and had great impacts on grassroots rural areas.