基于固定样地的黄山不同海拔森林群落物种多样性分析

Species diversity of forest communities at different altitudes based on fixed plot in Huangshan Mountains

【目的】对黄山植被进行多样性研究,了解不同海拔群落物种组成及结构特征,完善森林植被的多样性研究,以便为该地区的生物多样性保护及资源可持续利用提供客观依据。【方法】采用样地调查法对黄山3个不同海拔和生境的植物群落进行大样地调查,分析其种类组成、区系特征和物种多样性,并结合Jaccard群落相似性原理评价了3个群落间的相似度。【结果】样地内维管植物有39科76属124种;区系特征显著,同时具有亚热带和温带成分,且后者更明显;乔木层优势度最高,丰富度和多样性变化趋势一致,均表现为灌木层>乔木层>草本层,3个群落的物种多样性和丰富度总体表现为群落Ⅰ>群落Ⅲ>群落Ⅱ;群落结构为中等不相似,Ⅰ与Ⅱ的相似度>Ⅰ与Ⅲ的相似度>Ⅱ与Ⅲ的相似度。【结论】整体来看,黄山植物沿海拔有显著更替特征,乔木层优势种明显,种类单一,占据顶层空间;灌木层植物种类丰富,均匀分布,是群落的主要结构组成;草本层占据较少的空间。3个群落植物多样性较低,相似性水平低,不同海拔的分布种不同,与植被退化及更替都有关联。根据黄山植被群落实际情况,建议适当开窗疏林,并对风景区进行间断保护,促进林下苗木和灌丛的生长及均匀分布,完成森林的更新演替,使之向稳定群落发展。

【Objective】In order to provide an objective basis for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of resources in Huangshan Mountaion,we studied the diversity of plants,discussed the species composition and structure of the community,and improved the research on diversity of forest vegetation in this study.【Method】Three communities of different elevations and habitats in Huangshan Mountaion were investigated by using the sampling survey method.We analyzed the species composition,floristic characteristics,species diversity of three communities and this similarity among the three communities evaluated by Jaccard community similarity principle.【Results】There were 124 species（including varieties） which belong to 76 genera and 39 families within the 3 600 m^2.The floristic characteristics was significant,harboring both subtropical and temperate elements,and the latter was superior.Dominance of tree layers was largest,the change trend of species richness was consistent with that of the diversity,which showed up as shrub layers tree layers herb layers.Species richness and diversity of the three communities were manifested as Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅱ.The structures of communities were moderately dissimilar,which similarity among these were Ⅰand Ⅱ Ⅰand Ⅲ Ⅱand Ⅲ.【Conclusion】On the whole,the plants in Huangshan obviously change along with the elevation,the dominant species of the tree layer was dominant,the species was single,occupying the top space,the shrub layer vegetation was rich and evenly distributed,which was the main structure of the community,and the herbaceous layer occupied less space.The diversity of the three communities was low,meantime the similarity level was low,and many species distributed in different altitudes were different,which was associated with vegetation degradation and replacement.According to the actual situation of Huangshan vegetation community,it is suggested that the appropriate intervening forest protection and the intermittent protection of protected areas would promote the growth and even distribution of the seedlings and shrubs under the forest,and complete the regeneration succession of the forest,so as to develop the stable community.