魏玛德国的家庭政策——以“堕胎禁令”的改革与争议为中心的探讨

The Family Policy of Weimar Germany: Focusing on the Reform and Controversy of the Abortion Regulation

家庭是社会的细胞。在各国推进现代化转型的社会政策中,家庭政策都被视作重要的一环。从19世纪后半叶起,欧洲各国把控制堕胎与积极的家庭政策联系起来,在刑法中列入"堕胎禁令",以保证社会持续发展的人口供应,德国也不例外。然而时移世易,当《魏玛宪法》创制有别于帝国时期的民主政治空间、强调公民自由权后,"堕胎禁令"的存废问题便成为围绕在家庭政策上的重要议题。人们从社会公正、女性自主权、职业医生的诊断特权、人口增殖需求及种族繁衍重要性等多种角度掀起了三次争辩高潮。魏玛政府基于进步社会观的考量,部分修改了该禁令。但日益碎裂化的政治格局与多元化的利益诉求,不仅让有关"堕胎禁令"的改革问题成为又一个政治斗争的舞台,而且还增强了政府对私人生活的干预力度,进而凸显了非卫生因素在决定堕胎合法性时的影响力。由此,魏玛德国的家庭政策向服务于种族主义世界观的纳粹政权打开了大门,为其无所不在的社会控制政策与种族灭绝政策奠定了基础。在这一点上,魏玛民主体制再次表现出它的"现代性危机"特征。

Family is the cell of a society.Accordingly,the policy of family is one crucial part of social policies with which the countries propel their modern transformation.Since the second half of the 19th century,European countries(including Germany)have connected the control of abortion with the positive family policies and included the abortion regulation in the criminal law,ensuring the population size for the sustainable development of the society.However,the abolishment of the German Empire's abortion regulation became one of the public controversies concerning the family policies in the Weimar Republic due to the transformation of political situation.Different groups and parties could discuss about the possibilities of abolishing the abortion regulation from various perspectives.Based on the progressive social concept,the Weimar government amended parts of the regulation,which could not yet end the controversy because of the fragmentary political structure and diversified requests.Moreover,the problem of the reform of abortion regulation and family policy of Weimar Germany opened thereafter the door to the Nazi-dictator with racist world view step by step,especially in the social control and the concept of racism.