时间效应对制造业企业选址的影响

Impact of Time Effect on Location of Manufacturing Firms

中国高速公路存在着高运输速度与高运输成本并存的现象。传统理论认为运输成本的降低是促进要素空间流动的必要因素,但这无法解释为何中国制造业企业偏爱使用运费较为"昂贵"的高速公路进行运输。本文试图从"时间效应"角度切入,解释中国高速公路网络对于新增制造业企业选址的影响。本文构建了包含"时间效应"的企业空间选址模型,建立了1998—2007年高速公路电子地图,采用ARCGIS中OD-MATRIX方法计算各城市的高速公路总通行时间,并实证分析"时间效应"对中国制造业企业空间选址的影响。结果表明,高速公路网络建设所带来的总通行时间每减少10%,地区新企业数量增加6%。东中部地区时间效应对于新企业选址的影响要高于西部地区;城市规模越大,市场化程度越高,时间效应对于新企业选址的促进作用越强。通行时间减少对于企业选址的影响在高速公路网络的"全面建成阶段"尤为突出。机制回归验证了时间效应通过提升市场需求及降低总成本两方面来吸引新企业选址。进一步地,时空边界分析表明,高速公路在8小时之内所能到达的城市越多,对于企业的吸引力越强。实证结果验证了高速公路网络建设通过提高地区的时间通达性来吸引制造业企业,据此提出政策启示:加快高速公路成网化发展,减少断头路,引进民间资本降低高速公路建设与通行费用,提高高速公路物流效率等。

China＇s highway is marked by both high transportation speed and high transportation cost. However, previous studies conclude that firms prefer to locate in places with low transportation cost which cannot explain why Chinese manufacture firms prefer to use highway marked with ＂high transportation cost＂. This paper try to explain the impact of expressway construction on the location of new manufacturing enterprises from the perspective of ＂time effect＂. We first constructs a model of spatial location of enterprise which contains ＂time effect＂. Secondly, we build digital map of china＇s highway network and use OD-MATRIX method to calculate highway travelling time between cities in China and sum up the total travel time for each city to other cities in China. We further empirical test the impact of time effect to the location of firms. The result shows that 10% reduction of total travel time would induce 6% increasing of new manufacturing firms. The effect is larger in East and Middle China than Western China. Also cities with larger population and marketization would benefit more from the reduction of total travel time. The effect was more significant in the ＂well-rounded＂ phase. Further, time effect works through the increasing of transportation capacity and market access. In addition, the more cities that can be reached in 8 hours＇ time distance, the more attraction of local city to new manufacturing finns. Hence we put forward policies to enhance time effect brought by highway network such as speed up the building of highway network and reduce dead end highway; bring in private capital to reduce the construction cost and toll fee; improve the efficiency of highway logistics.