旅游怀旧:研究现状与展望

Nostalgic Tourism Research: Progress and Prospects

随着新技术迭代速度的不断加快,近年来,怀旧文化逐渐盛行,旅游中的怀旧现象也日益凸显。通过中国知网及Google Scholar的搜索和整理,发现关于旅游研究中的怀旧问题讨论仍较为匮乏。学术研究的缺失,一定程度上影响到了旅游实践的发展。为了弥补旅游学术研究在怀旧领域重视不足的问题,该文对旅游怀旧进行了系统的文献述评,并在此基础上对该领域的未来研究方向提出展望。研究发现,已有文献可以大致划分为旅游怀旧的内在结构、影响因素及作用效果3个模块。其中,旅游怀旧的内在结构研究包括旅游怀旧的概念界定、分类标准、测量方式及动机等研究;旅游怀旧的影响因素研究包括旅游怀旧的诱发情境、旅游吸引物的特征及旅游者个人特征等研究;旅游怀旧的作用效果研究包括了旅游怀旧对形象感知、旅游意愿、重游意愿、旅游体验及推荐意愿等旅游者心理及行为的影响。文章进一步指出,关于旅游怀旧的研究需要在旅游怀旧的测量问题、旅游怀旧的影响因素、旅游怀旧对旅游者心理及行为的影响、旅游怀旧倾向的概念界定以及旅游怀旧作用的实践指导等5个方面进行补充和完善。

With new technology＇s speed of iteration, the aspect of nostalgia in tourism is growing in prominence, along with popularity of nostalgia-oriented culture. Maintaining natural mountains and rivers, and keeping a feeling of nostalgia, is not only part of the construction of ecological civilization and new urbanization in China, but also a fundamental requirement of sustainable tourism development. However, research on nostalgic tourism based on the results of searches in the Google Scholar and CNKI databases, is scarce. Using the Chinese words for＂tourism＂and＂nostalgia＂as the search terms in CNKI, only three studies were found with these words in the keywords of the target documents, while 18 studies were found with the words as part of the subject（main body text） as per the database listing. Consistent with the CNKI results, only eight outcomes were found with the search terms＂tourist＂and＂nostalgia＂, and 77 articles were found with the search keywords＂tourism＂and＂nostalgia＂in Google Scholar. Based on this finding, there is extremely little existing research on tourism nostalgia, both in China and other countries. This paucity of studies on nostalgic tourism is scarcely enough to guide practice, or may even slow the development of nostalgic tourism in China. To help rectify this research gap, this study performs a systematic review of the literature on tourism nostalgia, and sets forth future directions for nostalgia psychology in the tourism industry. It is found that current studies can be divided into three parts： internal structure, influential factors, and effects of tourism nostalgia. First, the internal structure of nostalgic tourism involves definition, classification,measurement, and motivation. The present study found the definition, classification, and measurement of nostalgic tourism are interconnected and interact with general nostalgia. In accordance with the theories of modernity and authenticity, it is helpful to connect tourism and nostalgia through the respective characteristics of tourism modernity and authenticity. The nostalgic tourism experience not only comes from the attractions of tourism but also includes the social interaction between tourists and local people, or with other tourists. Thus, when defining or measuring tourism nostalgia, interaction between tourists and other parties should strongly be taken into consideration. Second, the influential factors of nostalgic tourism contain evoked environment, tourism attractions＇ attributes, and personal characteristics. After a systematic literature review, the study concludes that the previous studies focus on the factors from the perspectives of evoked environment and personal characteristics, while the effect from tourism attractions＇ attributes on nostalgic tourism still lacks attention. Finally, the effects of nostalgic tourism involve tourists＇ behavior and emotions, including image perception, visiting intention, revisiting intention, tourism experience, and intent to recommend. The existing research on nostalgic tourism concentrates on these fields. Many studies have found that nostalgic tourism significantly affects tourists＇ attitudes and behavior, which is consistent with the mainstream trend of consumer behavior research. More contextual studies focusing on tourism characteristics should be developed as an object of crucial importance for nostalgic tourism research. Additionally, improvement of measurement, factors, effects, and definitions of nostalgic tourism need to be performed in further research, as well as its practical applications. This study should be able to garner tourism scholars＇ attention toward development of nostalgia-related factors of tourism destinations, and provide a theoretical guide for practical application. It is also hoped that academic research in nostalgic tourism will be able to promote and accelerate development of the factor of nostalgic tourism in China.