民法典编纂中混合共同担保之再认识——兼评《物权法》第176条

Recognition of Mixed Co-guarantee in the Codification of Civil Code:Comment on the 176th Article of the Property Law

我国《物权法》第176条并非是对混合共同担保规则的确认,未来民法典编纂应从以下方面加以完善。一是区分混合担保与混合共同担保,将混合共同担保限定为基于合意的保证与担保物权并存。二是体例结构上,混合共同担保应置于物权编"担保物权"章的一般规定。三是混合共同担保应比照共同抵押规则,确定债权人自由选择权、比例分担制及担保人之间的求偿权与代位权,当事人另有约定的除外。比例分担有约定比例和推定比例之分,当保证人应负之保证责任与物上保证人应负之物保责任之和大于代偿债务总额,推定按比例分担。同时应区分担保人之间的求偿权与代位权。确定分担额时,当多数保证人与多数物上保证人并存,应依每位担保人应负担责任的比例来计算;物上保证人兼为保证人时,应区分保证为全额保证还是限额保证,并通过保证设立的时间先后来确定其承担单一责任或双重责任。

The article 176 th of our property law is not the definition of commonality in mixed joint guarantee. In the future Civil Code,only when the guarantor and the charger reach an agreement can they form a mixed co-guarantee. In a mixed co-guarantee,the secured party should freely assert his rights towards either the guarantor or the charger regardless of the legal nature of guarantee and the type of charger. But if there is an agreement for the bearing order of liability,the creditor may realize his rights in accordance with the agreement. Moreover,liabilities shall be distributed between the guarantors in proportion according to the agreement. If there is no agreement or the agreement is not clear,only when the total liability the guarantor and the charger shall bear exceeds the total compensatory debts will the liabilities be shared on a pro-rata basis.The right of subrogation and the right of indemnity should be acknowledged and distinguished in civil law. Each guarantor＇s actual liability shall be calculated according to the proportion. If the guarantor is the charger at the same time,we should distinguish guarantee for full or limited amount and the time the guarantee established to make the guarantor bear one responsibility or double.