水溶肥替代常规追肥对黔西南烤烟产量和质量的影响

Effects of water soluble fertilizer instead of conventional topdressing on the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco in southwest Guizhou

为探究最适于黔西南地区烤烟生产的水溶性追肥最佳比例,通过田间试验研究不同水溶性追肥基追比对烤烟长势、养分吸收、烟叶产量和品质、初烤烟叶化学成分的影响。结果表明:采用测土配方法得到的烤烟专用肥施用后,烤烟长势旺盛,养分吸收量增加,产量和产值提升,但不利于上部叶品质的提升;采用水溶性追肥代替常规追肥后,随着氮、磷(P_2O_5)、钾(K_2O)3种养分追肥比例由30∶7∶40增加至70∶65∶70,烤烟株高、最大叶面积以及养分吸收累积、烤烟经济性状、初烤烟叶化学成分评价总分均呈现"先升高,后降低"的变化趋势,当追肥比例为50∶50∶50时,烤烟的长势最好,养分吸收适中,烤烟经济性状最优,且上部叶的化学成分评价总分最高,内在品质得到大幅改善,提高了上部烟叶的可用性。因此,建议黔西南烤烟产区采用水溶性追肥替代常规追肥,氮、磷(P_2O_5)、钾(K_2O)肥均按照50∶50∶50的比例进行追肥以促进烤烟生长,提升烤烟产量和品质。

In order to explore the suitable ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing of water soluble fertilizer to the production of flue-cured tobacco in southwestern of Guizhou province,effects of different ratios of base fertilizer to topdressing on tobacco growth,nutrient uptake,yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco and chemical components of flue-cured tobacco were determined through field experiments.The results showed that tobacco growth,nutrient uptake,yield and output value increased significantly using the special fertilizer for tobacco obtained by soil testing method as conventional fertilization,but the total evaluation scores of chemical components in upper leaves was lower compared to the no fertilizer treatment.The water soluble fertilizer instead of conventional fertilizer presented that the plant＇s height,maximum leaf area,nutrient uptake and economic characteristics of flue-cured tobacco and chemical composition evaluation scores showing an increasing trend at initial and then decreasing trend when the ratio of topdressing of water soluble fertilizer increased from 30 ∶ 7 ∶ 40 to 70 ∶ 65 ∶ 70.When the ratio of nitrogen and phosphate（P2O5） and potassium（K2O） in water soluble fertilizer was 50% in total fertilization,the growth of flue-cured tobacco,moderate nutrient uptake and the optimal economic characteristics of flue-cured tobacco reached the maximum levels.Meanwhile,the highest evaluation scores of the total chemical composition in the upper leaves were observed.In addition,the internal quality and availability of upper leaf has been improved greatly.Therefore,the ratio 50% of base fertilizer to topdressing of water soluble nitrogen fertilizer was recommended to promote the growth of flue-cured tobacco and improve the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco in the flue-cured tobacco producing areas as well as phosphate（P2O5） and potassium（K2O）.