从圈层结构理论看历代政治实体的性质

On the nature of political entities of the past dynasties from the perspective of the concentric zone theory

本文首先阐明历史政治地理圈层结构理论的基本点,即在多民族国家一般可分为中心区和边缘区,中心区又可分为直辖区、普通区两个类型的基本圈层,可以统视之为直接行政区;边缘区可分为自治区、统领区两个类型的基本圈层,可统视之为间接行政区。然后分析中国历代政治实体的性质,将其分别归入直辖都畿区、普通经制区、羁縻自治区、藩属统领区等子圈层,认为它们与《禹贡》所反映的理想化的分封制和贡赋关系的五服圈层大体上是可以对应的。最后指出:具备一定的境域,以及多民族国家这两个要素,是圈层结构产生的必要条件,而多轨行政正是适应多民族国家国情的必然选择,是历代统治者经历几千年政治实践总结出的宝贵经验。

At first this paper clarifies the essential points of the concentric zone theory inhistorical-political geography,that is,a multi-ethnic country can usually be divided into the central area and the marginal area. The central area can be further divided into the core areaand the common area directly under the administration of the Central Government; the marginal area can be further divided into the autonomous area and the command area which can be regarded as indirect administrative regions. The paper then analyzes the nature of Chinese political entities in the past dynasties. They are categorized into the core area,common area,autonomous region,vassal state and so on which are corresponding to Wufu zones that reflect the ideal feudal system and the tribute relationship in Yugong,China's oldest geography book. Finally,the paper points out that the structure of the concentric zone relies on two key factors,someterritory and a multi-ethnic state,whilethe multi-track administration system is an inevitable choice for a multi-ethnic state,avaluable experience obtained by the rulers of different dynasties of China in their political historyof thousands of years.