从“的”与印尼语“yang”的比较看定中标记的隐现条件

About Condition of Relational markers' Absence in Modifier-head Construction from Comparison of Chinese Character “的” and Indonesian Word “Yang”

汉语结构助词"的"与印尼语的关系代词"yang"都可用在定中结构中,连接修饰语和中心语。它们的不同点是,当定中结构的定语表示质料、所属、时间,或者定语表施事/受事、中心语表事件/行为时,不使用"yang",而此条件下,汉语的"的"有时需要加,有时不加。定语表关涉对象时,印尼语不加"yang",汉语都需加"的"。制约"的"与"yang"隐现的因素,包括句法语义区分的需求、定语的语义性质、定中语义关系,以及语用因素、韵律等方面,其中前三项条件的制约作用共性较明显。综合来看,汉语"的"分布范围更广,使用频率更高,而且其隐现受语用因素的影响更大。

The structural auxiliary word＂de＂in Chinese and the relative pronoun＂yang＂in Indonesian have similar function. They can be used in the modified phrase structure to connect the modifier with head-noun. The difference between＂de＂and＂yang＂is that＂yang＂is not used when the modifiers of the definite structures represent the material,ownership,time,or when the attribute expresses the agent/patient and the head-noun expresses the event or the action. But according to Chinese grammar,＂de＂can be used or not,under the above conditions. Also,when the attribute refers to the object concerned,＂yang＂is not needed in modifier-head construction in Indonesian,but in Chinese language,＂de＂is needed. Factors restricting the appearance or absence of＂Yang＂and＂de＂include： The requirements of syntactic semantic differentiation,the semantic nature of attributes,the semantic relations between the modifier and head-noun,the pragmatic factors,prosody factors and so on. Among them,the first three factors are more common. On the whole,Chinese＂de＂has a wider range of distribution,a higher frequency of use,and its appearance is more influenced by pragmatic factors.