《资本论》中三个崭新的因素——马克思对《资本论》的自我解读

Three New Factors in Das Kapital: Marx's Self-Interpretation of Das Kapital

马克思在致恩格斯的书信中指出《资本论》具有三个崭新的因素:剩余价值、劳动和工资。古典政治经济学研究地租、利润和利息等剩余价值的特殊形式,而马克思则首先研究剩余价值的一般形式;古典政治经济学只是单纯地分析劳动,马克思则认为劳动具有二重性,把"劳动力"作为自己的研究对象;古典政治经济学认为工资就是购买劳动这一商品的价格,马克思则通过"相对工资"的分析,把工资看作是"一种关系的不合理表现形式",即资本主义剥削关系的表现形式。思考马克思关于《资本论》中三个崭新因素的论述,不仅有助于我们澄清古典政治经济学和《资本论》的本质性区别,更加有助于我们深入理解马克思《资本论》作为"无产阶级科学"的革命性质。

Marx pointed out in his letter to Engels that Das Kapital had three new factors: surplus value,labor and wage. Classical political economics studies the special forms of surplus value such as rent,profit and interest,while Marx firstly studies the general form of surplus value; classical political economics simply analyzes labor,while Marx thinks labor has duality,and takes"the labor force"as his research object; classical political economics considers that wage is the price of buying labor,which is the commodity,while Marx analyzes the "relative wage",regards wage as "unreasonable manifestation of a relationship",namely the exploitative relationship of capitalism.Thinking about Marx's discourse on three new factors in Das Kapital not only helps us to clarify the essential difference between classical political economics and Das Kapital,but helps us to understand the revolutionary nature of Das Kapital as the science of the proletariat.