从《读史方舆纪要》看顾祖禹的建都思想

The Research on Gu Zuyu's Theories of Essentials of Historical Geography about Capital City's Location

在《读史方舆纪要》中,顾祖禹认为,人类的历史活动一定是在具体的地域中展开的。对于人类的政治活动与军事活动而言,地利是重要的凭借。故在选择都城时,必须重视地利问题。他认为,由于历史的发展变化,具体的地利也不断变化。地利也需要人的努力才能发挥其作用。如何利用地利,让其有利的一面充分发挥出来,这需要人的作用。人的作用正确,则地利可以得到发挥,反之,则可以导致地利的不存。"恃其险而坐守之,则必至无于亡。"在历史的发展中,不同的时代有不同的问题,而都城的设置,作为王朝的重大政治举措,都与当时面临的政治经济军事文化局面息息相关,所以"审天下大势"就是必须的。他综合各地的形胜并结合历史讨论,从而肯定了"建都之地,关中为上,洛阳次之,燕都又次之"的主张。

Guzuyu believes that human＇s historical activities must be carried out in specific areas, geographical location is important during the process of human political activities and military activities. When choosing the Location of the capital city, the geographical location must be paid more attention to. In his opinion, the conditions of specific geographical areas are always changing with the development of history, the role of geographical environment should be made good use in human military activities and political activities; otherwise the advantages of relying solely on geographical location are not likely to be successful. Only taking its risk and relying on its unique topography must be failing. In the development of history, different dynasties have different problems, the national capital is usually a necessary choice based on national strategy and various factors. Gu Zuyu carefully analyzes the geographical environment characteristics of each region and summarizes the experience and lessons of regional selection in history, and he infers that the suitable area for establishing the capital city, Xian is the superior, Luoyang is better than Beijing in that era.