中国乒乓球世界冠军运动员脑功能特征研究

The Characteristics of Brain Function in Chinese Elite Table Tennis Players

为监控乒乓球运动员竞技状态 ,采用神经电生理学与运动心理学相结合的方法 ,对 1 3名世界冠军乒乓球运动员的大脑生物电活动进行跟踪监测 ,分析其脑电活动绝对功率谱和相对功率谱数值 ,绘制脑电图(EEG)、脑电地形图 (BEAM)和压缩谱阵 (CSA)图像 ,并与同期银、铜牌得主及后备力量进行对比分析 ,给出监督运动员竞技状态的脑功能特征的诊断报告。结果表明 :(1 )脑功能特征与神经元代谢方式和乒乓球的技术打法相关联。快攻打法运动员EEG为速度型 ,在训练中表现出速度爆发力占优势 ;弧圈结合快攻打法运动员EEG为速度强度型或强度速度变换型 ,训练中表现出速度力量占优势 ;削球打法运动员EEG为强度型 ,训练中表现为力量占优势。这一结果为青少年运动员选材和打法配对提供了客观依据。 (2 )运动表象时脑电α波被抑制的程度可反映运动员集中注意能力。冠军队员α波被抑制的数值与银、铜牌得主比较有显著性差异 (P <0 0 0 1 )。后备力量相当于第 46届世乒赛银牌得主的水平。 (3 )脑电功率谱可以用于评价对训练负荷的应激水平 ,从而调控训练强度。世界冠军队员与银、铜牌得主比较两者对运动负荷的承受能力差别显著 (P <0 0 0 1 )。第 46届世乒赛运动员脑电功率谱能量比值明显高于第 45届世乒赛 ,可能与改用大球?

In order to supervise table tennis players' competitive status, brain bioelectricity of 13 table tennis world champions were followed-up by means of nerve electrophysiology together with sports psychology. Electroencephalogram (EEG), absolute power spectrum and relative power spectrum of EEG, brain electrical activity map (BEAM) and the compression spectrum array (CSA) image of the champions were analysed and compared with silver and bronze medal winners, and bench players. The results demonstrated that:(1) The characteristics of brain function and the brain nerve cell metabolic mode were associated to the technical pattern of table tennis players: the frequency of brain wave (speed) rose in fast attack player, and the amplitude (strength) and frequency (speed) of brain wave appeared alternate in fast loops players, while the amplitude of brain wave (strength) rose in chop drive players. This finding provided an objective basis for selecting teenagers table tennis players. (2) The alpha restrained percentage during competition imaging reflected the degree of concentration attention of players. The percentage was significantly different (P < 0 001) between the gold medal winners and others. (3) The power spectrum of EEG could be used for evaluating competitive status of players, and thus for adjusting the players' training program. There was a significant difference (P<0 001) in the power spectrum of EEG between the gold medal winners and others. With applying the bigger ball at the 46th World Table Tennis Championship, players' power values of EEG were higher than that at 45th Championship. (4) According to the 16 brain areas, the energy distribution character of power spectrum at 4 frequency channels and proportions among channels, together with the major physiological function of each brain area, the effects of each brain area on training could be judged adversely. (5) The comprehensive evaluation of brain function provided the possibility for monitoring athletes' competitive status.