经验:杜威《民主主义与教育》教学思想的逻辑起点

Experience:the Logical Starting Point of Dewey's Teaching Thought in Democracy and Education

《民主主义与教育》作为杜威教育教学思想的总纲,也是现代教学论的代表作。在《民主主义与教育》中,杜威对传统哲学的经验观进行了改造,对经验赋予了新的哲学内涵,并基于其"经验观",以"经验"作为逻辑起点而构建了其教学思想。杜威以"经验论"作为《民主主义与教育》教学思想的认识论基础;强调教学的本质在于"经验改造";重视作为教学中介的教材的"心理化",特别重视教材要关注学生经验,强调"学科逻辑"与"心理逻辑"的相融;依托"做"中学的"活动"并适当借由一定的教材而建构经验为教学的根本方式。基于"经验"这一逻辑起点,有助于更深刻理解杜威对教学的认识、主张和观点和领悟其教学思想。

As the general outline of Dewey＇ s teaching thought, Democracy and Ed^ation is also the representative work of modern teaching theory. In Democracy and Education, Dewey transformed the experiential view of traditional philosophy, provided new philosophy connotations for experience, and constructed his teaching thought based on his ＂experiential view＂ and with ＂experience＂ as the logical starting point. With ＂empiricism＂ as the e- pistemological basis of his teaching thought in Democracy and Education, Dewey stressed that the essence of teach- ing lies in ＂experience transformation＂, and highlighted the ＂mentalization＂ of teaching materials as a teaching in- termediary. Special attention should, in his opinion, be paid to students＇ experience, and efforts must be made to integrate ＂discipline logic＇with ＂psychological logic＂. Moreover, learning by doing in activities and appropriately referring to certain teaching materials is considered a fundamental way of teaching for constructing experience. Taking the logical starting point of ＂experience＂ as a basis is conducive to better understanding Dewey＇ s cognition, proposition and viewpoint as well as comprehending his teaching thought.